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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of chronic administration of ethanol on startle thresholds in rats (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 19 (1971), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Dependence ; Withdrawal Reaction ; Startle Threshold ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thresholds for startle responses to electric shock were measured in adult male Wistar strain rats given ethanol daily in doses rising from 3 to 7 g/kg over a 30-day period, and in controls receiving equicaloric doses of sucrose. Tests made 23, 36, or 47 h after ethanol (i.e., during partial or complete ethanol withdrawal) gave threshold values significantly lower than those obtained with sucrose-treated controls. The difference became greater after longer ethanol treatment and larger doses. However, when threshold measurements were made under the acute influence of ethanol in the experimental group, the mean values were virtually equal to those of the sucrose controls. This normalization, by ethanol, of a disturbance produced by absence of ethanol in a chronically treated animal is indicative of physical dependence. Following termination of ethanol treatment there was a gradual return of startle thresholds almost to control values over a relatively short period, indicating that the changes underlying the hyperexcitability are readily reversible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402633
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalization of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol, and its relation to physical dependence (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 44 (1975), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavior ; Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Generalization ; Dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult rats, required to perform a motor coordination task while under the influence of ethanol (2.2 g/kg) daily for 12 days, developed significant tolerance to the effects of ethanol, not only on this test but also on a food-motivated maze task. At the same time, they showed reduced shock threshold for production of a startle response, and reduced open field test scores 23 hrs after the last dose of ethanol. Other animals receiving the same dose of ethanol immediately after each training session on the coordination task, and others performing the task and receiving no ethanol, showed no tolerance on either test and no change in shock threshold or open field behavior. The results suggest that behaviorally augmented tolerance depends on basic neuronal adaptive changes indistinguishable from those accompanying physiological tolerance and dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428900
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition and loss of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol in the rat (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 48 (1976), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Rat ; Behavioral augmentation ; Rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phenomenon of behavioral augmentation of tolerance (BAT) to ethanol (EtOH) in the rat was replicated in studies using the moving belt test of intoxication. Rats performing the test daily under the influence of EtOH (2.2 or 2.5 g/kg i.p.) developed tolerance more rapidly than those receiving the same dose after each daily session on the belt. However, both groups reached the same maximum level of tolerance. Acceleration of tolerance by BAT was proportional to the frequency of performance under the influence of EtOH when total exposure to EtOH was held constant. The degree of tolerance produced by BAT could not be increased by daily gavage with a large dose (6 g/kg) of EtOH. After termination of EtOH administration, tolerance produced by BAT was lost at the same rate, whether or not daily alcohol-free sessions on the belt test were given. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BAT and conventionally produced tolerance differ only in rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423254
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute tolerance to ethanol in the rat (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 43-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acute Tolerance ; Brain ; Ethanol ; Moving Belt Test ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male Wistar rats were examined on the moving belt test at approximately 10, 30 and 60 min after administration of ethanol in doses ranging from 1.0–2.8 g/kg. Immediately after the test, each animal was sacrificed and ethanol concentrations were measured. The regression line of impairment as a function of brain alcohol concentration showed a progressive shift toward higher brain levels with increasing time after alcohol administration. The results confirm the existence of acute tolerance to ethanol, as defined by reduced impairment of function for a given blood level on the falling versus the rising arm of the blood alcohol curve. Confusion of interpretation due to arterio-venous differences in alcohol concentration was ruled out by simultaneous measurements in arterial blood and brain. Practice effects were ruled out by testing each animal only once.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421304
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral augmentation of tolerance to ethanol in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavior ; Ethanol ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of rats were trained on a circular maze task, then were tested under the influence of ethanol. Thereafter, all three groups received ethanol daily, on different schedules. One group (“psychological”) received ethanol (1.2 g/kg i.p.) just before each treatment session; another group (“physiological”) received the same dose immediately after the session; and the control group received only saline. All three groups were tested under ethanol every fourth day. The psychological group showed significant tolerance by the second test day, and maximal tolerance by the fourth. The physiological group reached the same maximum tolerance by the sixth test day, while the controls showed no increase in tolerance. Addition of daily gavage with ethanol (6 g/kg) did not modify the level of tolerance in the psychological or physiological groups, but raised the controls to the same level as the others. None of the changes in tolerance were attributable to increased rate of ethanol elimination. It is concluded that production of tolerance by these various techniques is distinguishable only with respect to rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421426
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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