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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 2131-2133 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present here a comparison of neutron reflectometry, x-ray reflectometry, and spectroscopic ellipsometry on a thin oxide film. These three probes each independently determine the structure of the film as a function of depth. We find an excellent agreement between the three techniques for measurements of thicknesses and interfacial roughnesses for both the SiO2 and surface contamination layers found in the sample. Realistic models based on interface parameters measured herein indicate that as the SiO2 layers decrease to sizes projected for future generations of electronic devices, both spectroscopic ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry can easily measure SiO2 films to 2 nm thick or less.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 1134-1136 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: To explore the role of interface scattering in high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device performance, a series of samples consisting of both a superlattice and a HEMT structure were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at temperatures ranging from 500 to 630 °C. Hall measurements indicate a trend toward higher mobilities in samples grown at higher temperatures. Subsequent x-ray reflectivity measurements were made, and the data were fitted by least-squares refinement of a calculated reflectivity curve determined from a model of the sample structure to obtain the composition profile along the growth direction. These results indicate smoother interfaces for the samples with higher mobilities. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 1249-1251 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical properties of a set of high-k dielectric HfO2 films annealed at various high temperatures were determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The results show that the characteristics of the dielectric functions of these films are strongly affected by high temperature annealing. For a sample annealed at 600 °C, the film becomes polycrystalline, and its dielectric function displays a distinctive peak at 5.9 eV. On the other hand, the film remains amorphous without the 5.9 eV feature after 500 °C annealing. To model the dielectric functions, the Tauc–Lorentz dispersion was successfully adopted for these amorphous and polycrystalline films. The absorption edge was observed to shift to a higher energy at a high temperature annealing. Defects in the films were shown to relate to the appearance of a band tail above the absorption edge, and they appear to diminish with high temperature annealing. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3012-3014 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Postdeposition annealing of high-k dielectric Ta2O5 films to eliminate contaminations can adversely cause the films to crystallize, which can be detrimental to their complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor device performances. In this letter, we will show that spectroscopic ellipsometry can be used to quickly and nondestructively detect such crystallization by identifying the two relatively sharp absorption peaks at 4.7 and 5.2 eV in the complex dielectric function of the films. Such peaks are absent in amorphous Ta2O5 films. In general, these sharp structures in the dielectric function are expected from the presence of long-range order in materials, which produces singularities in their interband density of states. Using this approach, we will show that Ta2O5 films become crystalline when annealed at or above 750 °C and remain amorphous below 700 °C. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 19 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 116 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The objective of this study was to compare the yield response of several present day winter wheat cultivars of different origin with the aim of broadening breeders' information from multi-year/location tests by using an appropriate cluster procedure. Yield response of 18 cultivars was analysed using data from two series of official yield performance tests in Germany. Similarity of yield response between two cultivars is defined by a positive correlation coefficient (nearly one) for the yields over all test environments. A hierarchical agglomerative procedure was used to establish clusters of similarly responding cultivars. The smallest distances in yield response were established between closely related cultivars of equal maturity. Clusters of cultivars with distinct maturity and also the groups of East and West German cultivars tested exhibited clear differences in yield response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 4 (1942), S. 561-574 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Inherited deficiency of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) has been shown to predispose to infections. Conversely, it has also been suggested that MBL might facilitate the uptake of certain intracellular microbes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MBL plays a role in the HIV and tuberculosis epidemics in Africa. Thus, the authors determined the MBL serum concentration in 173 HIV infected patients (150 with concomitant tuberculosis), 94 patients with tuberculosis without being HIV infected, and 113 controls from Tanzania. The frequency of MBL deficiency was significantly increased in HIV infected patients compared with controls (12.1% and 3.5%, respectively). The frequency of patients deficient of MBL did not differ between controls and HIV negative patients with tuberculosis. However, HIV negative patients with tuberculosis had significantly higher MBL levels than both controls and HIV infected patients with or without tuberculosis. These results indicate that low levels of MBL are associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in Africans. By contrast, high levels of MBL may be involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in immunocompetent individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 4 (1938), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 11 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The Brokopondo reservoir is situated in north-east Surinam and has a surface area of 150,000 ha. The dam was completed in 1964 for providing hydroelectric power. During the filling stage of the reservoir. 1964–1967, the composition of the fish fauna was studied. From 1967 to the present, no fishery research has been carried out in the reservoir. The aim of a mission, which was conducted in December 1978, was to obtain fundamental information on the fishery potential and fish fauna. Thirty-seven species have been collected with various fishing techniques; of these the characid Serrasalmus rhambeus (Linnaeus, 1766) and the cichlid Cichla ocellaris Block & Schneider, 1801 are possibly exploitable. The potential yeild of the reservoir is estimated at 3500 tonne yr-1. Gill nets with large mesh sizes proved to give the best results of the different fishery techniques tried. A comparison of the recent ichthyofauna with the fish species composition during 1966–1967 is provided and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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