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  • Chemistry  (42)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • Antidepressant  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled comparison of milnacipran and fluoxetine in major depression (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Milnacipran ; Fluoxetine ; Antidepressant ; Major depression ; Noradrenaline ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy and the tolerance of milnacipran (100 mg/day), a second generation antidepressant which equipotently inhibits both noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake, was compared to fluoxetine (20 mg/day), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in two parallel groups of, respectively, 97 and 93 major depressive outpatients. The duration of the study was 6 weeks, with assessments every 2 weeks by means of the Montgomery and Asberg depression scale (MADRS), the Hamilton depression scale, the clinical global impressions (CGI), and a checklist of symptoms and side-effects. Results showed significant superiority of fluoxetine over milnacipran on most rating instruments: MADRS (P=0.01) including five individual items, Hamilton depression scale (P=0.002) including ten individual items, CGI of severity (P=0.01) and therapeutical index (P=0.002). On visual analogue scales assessing the clinical profile of the compounds, fluoxetine was rated as exhibiting more psychostimulating activity than milnacipran (P=0.0008). The tolerance of the two antidepressants was very similar, with the exception of symptoms of dizziness which were more frequently reported with milnacipran (P=0.01). These differences in efficacy favoring fluoxetine could result from the selection of a dose of milnacipran below the optimal therapeutic dose for this type of psychiatric patients or to the administration of the compounds in single daily intakes, whereas milnacipran possesses a plasma elimination half-life of only 7 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245454
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled comparison of nefazodone and amitriptyline in major depressive inpatients (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 254-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nefazodone ; Amitriptyline ; Antidepressant ; Major depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nefazodone, a phenylpiperazine antidepressant, exhibits novel dual activity on serotonin (5-HT) neurons; it binds to 5-HT2 receptors and inhibits 5-HT reuptake. Flexible doses of nefazodone (100–400 mg/day) and amitriptyline (50–200 mg/day) were compared in 106 major depressive inpatients in a 6-week double-blind study. Results showed significant superiority of amitriptyline over nefazodone on all rating instruments: Montgomery and Asberg depression rating scale (P〈0.0001), Hamilton depression scale (P〈0.0006), Clinical Global Impressions (P〈0.0001) and Patient Global Assessment (P〈0.01). A total of 65% of patients under amitriptyline and 56% of patients under nefazodone reported adverse events during the study, with significantly more dry mouth in the amitriptyline group (39% versus 11%,P=0.001). Modal daily doses within the last treatment week reached 242 mg with nefazodone and 124 mg with amitriptyline. The lower efficacy of nefazodone, which contradicts comparative trials with imipramine in US patients, is discussed with regard to the dose of nefazodone, probably below the optimal therapeutic range for melancholic patients, and to the clinical differences between the patient samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244780
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled comparison of two doses of milnacipran (F 2207) and amitriptyline in major depressive inpatients (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Milnacipran ; Midalcipran ; F 2207 ; Antidepressant ; Amitriptyline ; Major depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A multicenter study compared the antidepressant efficacy and the tolerance of two doses of milnacipran (50 mg and 100 mg/day) and amitriptyline (150 mg/day) in three parallel groups of 45 major depressive inpatients defined by Research Diagnostic Criteria. After a wash-out period of 4–7 days on placebo with lorazepam and/or nitrazepam if necessary, patients were randomly assigned to a daily dose of milnacipran 50 mg, milnacipran 100 mg or amitriptyline 150 mg reached on the 5th day and then stable over a 4-week period, with weekly assessments by means of the Montgomery and Asberg depression scale, the Hamilton depression scale, the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and the Target Emergent Signs and Symptoms. Results showed significant superiority of both milnacipran 100 mg/day and amitriptyline over milnacipran 50 mg/day at the end of the treatment period. However, amitriptyline induced a nonsignificant trend toward more rapid improvement after 2 weeks of treatment, mainly based on items related to insomnia, supporting more sedative properties of amitriptyline as compared to milnacipran. Anticholinergic side-effects were significantly lower with milnacipran than with amitriptyline, explaining why milnacipran 100 mg exhibited at the end of the treatment period, a nonsignificantly better efficacy index on the CGI. Moreover, in contrast to milnacipran, amitriptyline was responsible for a significant decrease in blood pressure and a significant weight gain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444686
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über 1.2.4-Thiadiazole, XX. Zur Kenntnis der 3-Amino-thiadiazole (1970)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1805-1814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On 1,2,4-Thiadiazoles, XX. A Study of 3-AminothiadiazolesSulfuration of acyl guanidines (1) and subsequent cyclisation by oxidation afforded 3-Amino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles (3). These have been mono and bis acylated, mono and bis sulfenylated, diazotized and alkylated. It was found that the thiadiazole-3-diazonium salts are unstable and that 3-imino-2-methyl-dihydro-thiadiazoles (12a, b) undergo a rapid rearrangement to 3-methylaminothiadiazoles (3g, i).
    Notes: Schwefelung und anschließende dehydrierende Cyclisierung von Acylguanidinen (1) gaben 3-Amino-1.2.4-thiadiazole (3), die mono- und bis-acyliert, mono- und bis-sulfenyliert, diazotiert und alkyliert wurden. Hierbei zeigte sich 1. eine Instabilität der Diazoniumsalze, 2. schnelle Umlagerung von 3-Imino-2-methyl-dihydro-thiadiazolen (12a, b) in 3-Methylamino-thiadiazole (3g, i).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19701030616
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2′-Deoxyisoguanosine and Base-Modified Analogues: Chemical and Photochemical Synthesis (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1742-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of 2′-deoxyisoguanosine (2), and the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine 2′-deoxyribonucleosides 3 and 4 is described. Condensation of the imidazole precursor 5 with benzoyl isocyanate followed by reaction with ammonia gave 2. Its N(7) regioisomer was obtained from 6. Compound 2 was also prepared by the photochemically induced conversion of 2-Chloro- and 2-bromopurine 2′-deoxyribofuranosides 9a and 10, respectively, in aqueous solution, The photo reaction was further used for the synthesis of the compounds 3 and 4 starting with the amino-chloro-2′-deoxynucleosides 9b and 9c, respectively.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19910740816
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Phosphonates and Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Derived from 2′-Deoxyisoguanosine and 2′-Deoxy-2-haloadenosinesDedicated to Prof. Dr. F. Eckstein on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 75 (1992), S. 2298-2306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligonucleotides containing 2′-deoxyisoguanosine (1) or 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (2a) have been prepared by solid-phase synthesis. Suitably protected phosphonates 3a, 4a, and 4b as well as the phosphoramidite of 1 have been obtained from the nucleosides 1, 2a, or 2b via the (dimethylamino)methylidene derivatives 5-7. 4,4′-Dimethoxytrityl groups were introduced to yield the base-protected derivatives 8-10. Alternatively to the direct incorporation of 1 into oligonucleotides, they were also obtained by the photochemical conversion of a 2a residue within the oligonucleotide chain.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19920750716
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azidocarboxonium Ions (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3926-3930 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Azidocarboxonium-IonenAroylazide werden in supersaurem Medium bei tiefer Temperatur (-78°C) ausschließlich am Carbonylsauerstoffatom protoniert, was zu den α-Azidocarboxonium-Ionen 2a-f führt. Die 1H-, 13C- und 15N-NMR-Spektren dieser Ionen deuten auf eine merkliche Ladungsdelokalisation in den Arylring und die Azidogruppe hin. Beim Erwärmen der Lösungen wurden diese Ionen irreversibel in Benzoylkationen umgewandelt unter Abspaltung von Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure, welche in protonierter Form beobachtet wurde.
    Notes: The protonation of aroyl azides in superacidic media at low temperature (-78°C) occurs exclusively on the carbonyl oxygen leading to α-azidocarboxonium ions 2a-f. The 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectra of these ions indicate significant charge delocalization into the aryl ring as well as into the azido group. Upon warming up the solution these ions were, irreversibly, converted into benzoyl cations by loss of hydrozoic acid which was observed as protonated species.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19831161215
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabile Carbokationen, 245. α-Cyancarboxonium-Ionen (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stable Carbocations, 245. α-Cyanocarboxonium IonsBased on our 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance study we were able for the first time to obtain α-cyanocarboxonium ions 2a-i through the protonation of α-ketonitriles 3a-i in superacidic media as stable, longlived cations. Our study confirms the strong, mesomeric stabilisation of these cations by aromatic and olefinic substituents as by the nitrile group too. A 15N-enriched ketonitrile 6 proves the nitrenium character of the cations with divalent, positive nitrogen.
    Notes: Aufgrund unserer 13C-NMR-Studie konnten wir erstmalig durch Protonierung von α-Ketonitrilen 3a-i in supersaurem Medium α-Cyancarboxonium-Ionen 2a-i als stabile, langlebige Ionen nachweisen. Unsere Studie bestätigt die starke Mesomeriestabilisierung der Ionen durch aromatische und olefinische Substituenten als auch durch die Nitrilgruppe. Ein 15N-angereichertes Ketonitril 6 belegt den Nitrenium-Charakter der Kationen mit divalentem, positivem Stickstoff.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19831160112
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immobilized two-enzyme system (fungal α-amylase/glucoamylase) and its use in the continuous production of high conversion maltose-containing corn syrups (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 525-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fungal α-amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1) and glucoamylase (E.C. 3.2.1.3) were chemically attached to separate reactor modules made from Microporous Plastic Sheet (MPS). Immobilization of enzymes and subsequent chemical reactions were accomplished by pumping reactants through the sheet, i.e., perpendicular to the surface. The expressed activity of the reactor modules was ca. 800 U/g for both fungal α-amylase and glucoamylase. The kinetics and short-term effects of pH and temperature on the expressed activity of the immobilized enzymes were investigated. Using commercially available DE-42 corn syrup at 50% dissolved solids, half-lives of 2000 and 5000 h were achieved for glucoamylase and fungal α-amylase, respectively. The reactors were operated at 50°C and at pH 4.3 for glucoamylase and 5.5 for fungal α-amylase. A typical DE-62 corn syrup product was continuously produced in a two-stage reactor system by pumping the feedstock through the glycoamylase reactor and then through the fungal α-amylase reactor. Saccharide distributions at each stage were controllable to ±0.2%.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250217
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of capillary SFC-MS for the determination of additives in polymers (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 573-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; On-line combination ; Polymer additives analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A standard direct introduction capillary interface is used for the SFC-MS analysis of polymer additives. The system is optimized with respect to the position of the restrictor, probe tip temperature, and ion source temperature. El-like charge-exchange spectra are obtained. Cl using ammonia as the reagent gas is used for the quantitative analysis of a real world sample.The experimental capillary SFC-MS spectra obtained show a good similarity with those recorded using the direct insertion probe. The influence of the experimental conditions on the mass spectra obtained is evaluated statistically.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170802
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