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  • Antigen-Antikörper-Wechselwirkung  (1)
  • Experimental Results  (1)
  • Immune complexes  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 543-550 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Immunkomplexe ; Antigen-Antikörper-Wechselwirkung ; Komplement ; Hagemanfaktor ; Immune Complexes ; Antigen-Antibody Interaction ; Complement ; Hageman Factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Immune complexes (IC) may be pathophysiologically active in correlation with the nature and size of the antigen, the type and the quality of the antibody, and the concentration of both. Those parameters are decisive for the composition and the lattice structure of IC. Pathogenic effects are induced: by complement activation and generation of biologically active C′ split products via the classical and the alternative pathway, by interaction with Fc and complement receptors resulting in exocytosis of lysosomal contents including degradative enzymes, cationic proteins, vasoactive amines and mediators effective on lymphocytes and macrophages; by direct and indirect activation of the Hageman factor followed by stimulation of the kinin, coagulation and fibrinolysis system; and by modulation of the immune response via the afferent and the efferent branch. All those mechanisms seem to be involved in the induction of lesions along the vessel wall in the various privileged organs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die pathophysiologische Rolle von Immunkomplexen (IC) ist abhängig von deren Zusammensetzung und Vernetzungsgrad. Entscheidend für diese Parameter sind Art und Größe des Antigens, Klasse und Bindungsqualität des Antikörpers und die Konzentration beider Anteile. Pathogene Auswirkungen der IC werden hervorgerufen - durch Aktivierung von Komplement Über den klassischen und den alternativen Weg und der Bildung von biologisch aktiven Komplementspaltprodukten, - durch Wechselwirkung mit Fc und Komplementrezeptoren, was wiederum zur Exozytose lysosomaler Substanzen inklusiv kataboler Enzyme, kationischer Proteine, vasoaktiver Amine und Mediatoren, wirksam auf Lymphozyten und Makrophagen, führt. - durch direkte und indirekte Aktivierung des Hagemanfaktors, gefolgt von der Stimulation des Kinin-, Gerinnungs- und Fibrinolysesystems, - und durch Beeinflussung der Immunantwort über den afferenten und den efferenten Weg. All diese Mechanismen scheinen an der Entstehung von Läsionen entlang der Gefäßwand in den jeweiligen disponierten Organen beteiligt zu sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Immune complexes ; i.v.-immunoglobulin preparations ; 7S-IgG ; F(ab')2 ; Fab ; Inflammation ; Side-effects ; Therapy ; Prophylaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies of the IgG class possess antibacterial, antiviral and toxin neutralizing properties and for this reason are administered prophylactically and therapeutically. In the case of the immunoglobulin preparations commercially available for i.v. application a basic distinction must be made between unsplit immunoglobulins and those antibody preparations obtained by enzymatic digestion, such as F(ab')2 or Fab antibodies. This survey deals with the largely experimental evidence describing the biological properties of these preparations. Administration of antibodies in the presence of the corresponding antigens leads to the formation of immune complexes in the organism. These immune complexes can activate, either directly or indirectly, the cellular and humoral systems which are involved in phagocytosis and the elimination of antigens, in the regulation of the body's own antibody production and in inflammatory reactions. As a result of their inability to interact with Fc receptors, immune complexes with F(ab')2 or F(ab) antibodies appear to be less active in the release of inflammation mediators from leucocytes and thrombocytes than immune complexes with unsplit immunoglobulins. These, on the other hand, can antigen-specifically and non-antigenspecifically suppress the immune system which is not the case for immune complexes with F(ba')2 or Fab antibodies. There are indications that these split products also occur in vivo due to the action of tissue and leucocyte proteases. Unlike Fab prcparations, F(ab')2 antibodies have antibacterial and antiviral potencies similar to unsplit immunoglobulins, which is probably due to the ability of F(ab')2 molecules to activate complement, not by the classical but by the alternative pathway. Like Fab preparations, F(ab')2 molecules appear to be superior to unsplit IgG in the elimination of haptens. On account of the relatively long period of time unsplit immunoglobulins remain in the blood, they are well suited for prophylactic treatment and substitution over longer periods. The extent to which indications, obtained predominantly from experimental studies, of a reduced release of inflammation mediators, a lack of immune suppression and a lack of augmentation of IgG catabolism would advocate the use of F(ab')2 split products, especially for therapeutic purposes, can only be ascertained after prospective and comparative studies have been carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 55 (1977), S. 199-214 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Neuraminidase ; Tumor ; Immuntherapie ; Experimentelle Untersuchungen ; Klinische Studien ; Übersicht ; Neuraaminidase ; Tumor ; Immunotherapy ; Experimental Results ; Clinical Studies ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Preliminary results of first clinical studies with the enzyme neuraminidase call attention to a new kind of cancer treatment. This promising approach to tumor immunotherapy was entered into the clinical phase as a consequence of successful experimental studies in tumor-bearing mice, rats and dogs. In this review, the presently known and essential results of experimental and clinical studies on tumor immunotherapy by means of neuraminidase are presented as well as some necessary and critical considerations in this context. Moreover, out of a broad variety of results of biochemical and biological in vitro studies, it was attempted to select the more essential knowledge which could contribute to a better understanding of the still rather unclear in vivo mode of action of the enzyme neuraminidase. In a first brief paragraph (1.0), the biochemically characteristic data of the enzyme neuraminidase is presented. In the second section (2.0), the basic knowledge about the effects of neuraminidase on cell behavior is rather amply contained. Here, on the one hand, the biophysical and biochemical alterations are mentioned, the so-called “unmasking” effects are reconsidered and, on the other hand, the effects on the immunologically responding cell are discussed. In a third section (3.0), the diverse findings from animal experiments using neuraminidase-treated tumor cells are confronted, whereby tumor transplantation experiments and tumor therapy experiments are dealt with separately. The last section (4.0) reports about the first clinical studies with neuraminidase-treated autologous as well as homologous tumor cells, which partly brought about rather surprising and astonishing success. On the basis of recent findings by the study group of the authors, the more prior and sometimes discrepant results of various groups are critically considered. The problems of alteration of antigenicity and of other properties of cells through splitting off membrane-bound neuraminic acid, the facts of adjuvanticity of neuraminidase itself, the relation of successful therapy to dose dependency as well as the relation of undesirable methods for tumor mass reduction to the immunological responsiveness of the tumor bearer were especially looked into.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Erste Ergebnisse aus klinischen Versuchen mit dem Enzym Neuraminidase machen auf eine neue Art der wirksamen Tumorbehandlung aufmerksam. Eingang in die Klinik fand diese vielversprechende Tumor-Immuntherapie nach erfolgreichen tierexperimentellen Studien an tumortragenden Mäusen, Ratten und Hunden. In einer Übersicht sind die derzeit bekannten und wesentlichen experimentellen und klinischen Ergebnisse über die Tumor-Immuntherapie mit Neuraminidase und die in diesem Zusammenhang notwendigen kritischen Überlegungen dargestellt. Darüberhinaus wird versucht, aus der breiten Vielfalt der biochemischen und biologischen Ergebnisse aus in-vitro Studien die wichtigeren Erkenntnisse auszuwählen, die zum Begreifen der noch weitgehend ungeklärten Wirkungsweise des Enzyms in-vivo beitragen können. In einem kurzen ersten Abschnitt (1.0) sind die charakteristischen biochemischen Daten des Enzyms Neuraminidase aufgeführt. Der zweite Teil (2.0) enthält etwas ausführlicher die Erkenntnisse über die Wirkung der Neuraminidase auf das Verhalten von behandelten Zellen: Hierbei werden einerseits die biophysikalischen und biochemischen Veränderungen angesprochen sowie die sog. „demaskierenden“ Effekte überdacht und andererseits wird die Wirkung auf die immunologisch antwortenden Zellen erörtert. In einem drittenTeil (3.0) sind die unterschiedlichen Befunde aus Tierexperimenten mit Neuraminidasebehandelten Tumorzellen gegenübergestellt, wobei zwischen Tumortransplantations-Experimenten und Tumortherapie-Versuchen unterschieden wurde. Der letzte Abschnitt (4.0) berichtet über die ersten tumortherapeutischen klinischen Studien mit Neuraminidase-behandelten autologen und homologen Tumorzellen, die zum Teil sehr überraschende und erstaunliche Erfolge erbracht haben. Auf der Grundlage neuerer Befunde aus der Arbeitsgruppe der Autoren werden frühere, zum Teil widersprechende Ergebnisse aus verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen kritisch überdacht. Auf die Fragen nach der Veränderung der Antigenität und anderer Zelleigenschaften durch die Abspaltung der membrangebundenen Neuraminsäure, der Adjuvanswirksamkeit von Neuraminidase selbst, der Beziehung zwischen erfolgreicher Therapie und Dosisabhängigkeit zum einen und der Beziehung zwischen unerwünschten Methoden zur Reduktion der Tumormasse und immunologischem Reaktionsvermögen des Tumorträgers zum anderen wird besonders eingegangen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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