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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biophysical Chemistry 34 (1989), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 0301-4622
    Keywords: Hydrolytic reaction ; Liposome ; Membrane fluidity ; Polypeptide catalyst ; Substrate selectivity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biophysical Chemistry 34 (1989), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 0301-4622
    Keywords: Carboxyfluorescein leakage ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Liposome ; Membrane fluidity ; Teleocidi ; Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, 12-O-
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cellulose microfibril ; Freeze-fracture ; Terminal complex ; Tunic ; Tunicate ; Ascidian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cellulose synthesizing enzyme complexes (terminal complexes, TCs) have been found in the plasma membrane of epidermal cells in the tunicateMetandrocarpa uedai by using freeze-fracture replication techniques for electron microscopy. Assembly of cellulose microfibrils by TCs is a universal phenomenon in the biological kingdoms. The TCs are locally distributed in the plasma membrane of the epidermal cells facing the tunic, and no TCs are observed on the lateral membranes bordered by tight junctions. The TCs consist of two types of membrane subunits: large particles (14.5 nm in diameter) on the periphery and small subunit particles (7.2 nm) filling the center; the latter are hypothesized to be involved in cellulose synthesis. The TCs are the linear type (ca. 195 nm in length and 78 nm in width). Direct connections of TCs with the termini of microfibrils were observed. Amorphous regions, which were hypothesized the nascent microfibrils, were associated with the depressions of the TCs. The distortion of microfibrils on their terminus indicates that the crystallization may occur at the margin of TCs from which the microfibrils are discharged. This report provides evidence that: (1) The outer cell membrane of epidermis is the site for the assembly of cellulose microfibrils in the tunic; (2) a new type of TC is involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose microfibrils in the tunicates; (3) disorganized glucan chains may be synthesized in the depression of TCs and crystallized outside the E-surface of the epidermal cell membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Boergesenia forbesii ; Cellulose synthesizing complex ; Cytoskeleton ; Helicoidal wall ; Membrane fluidity ; Microfibril orientation ; Plasma membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microfibrillar textures and orientation of cellulose microfibrils (MFs) in the coenocytic green alga,Boergesenia forbesii, were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Newly formed aplanosporic spherical cells inBoergesenia start to form cellulose MFs on their surfaces after 2 h of culture at 25°C. Microfibrillar orientation becomes random, fountain-shaped, and helicoidal after 2, 4, and 5 h, respectively. The fountain orientation of MFs is usually apparent prior to helicoidal MF orientation and thus may be considered to initiate helicoid formation. Microfibrils continue to take on the helicoidal arrangement during the growth ofBoergesenia thallus. The helicoidal orientation of MFs occurs through gradual counterclockwise change in MF deposition by terminal complexes (TCs) viewed from inside the cell. On the dorsal side of curving TC impressions in helicoidal texture formation on a freeze-fractured plasma membrane, the aggregation of intramembranous particles (IMPs) occurs. Membrane flow may thus possibly affect the regulation of helicoidal orientation inBoergesenia. Following treatment with 3 μM amiprophos-methyl (APM) or 1 mM colchicine, cortical microtubules (MTs) completely disappear within 24 h but helicoidal textures formation is not affected. With 15 μM cytochalasin B or 30 μM phalloidin, however, the helicoidal orientation of MFs becomes random. Treatment with CaCl2 (10 mM) causes the helicoidal MF orientation of cells to become random, but co-treatment with N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulfonamide (W-7) (100 mM) prevents this effect, though W-7 has no effect on the helicoidal MF formation. It thus follows that MF orientation inBoergesenia possibly involves actin whose action may be regulated by calmodulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 94-102 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ascidian ; Cellulose microfibril ; Hemocoel ; Polyandrocarpa misakiensis ; Tunic cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A specialized structure of tunic cord inPolyandrocarpa misakiensis is investigated by electron microscopy. The tunic cord is a cord-like coiled structure of 5–30 μm in diameter and 0.1–9.0 mm in length. The tunic cords originate and elongate from the dorsal tunic, and their termini have a swollen and ornamented structure. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs and the electron diffractogram show that the tunic cords are composed of bundled microfibrils of cellulose I with high crystallinity. The tunic cord is completely surrounded by single-layered epidermal cells, which have been found as the site of cellulose biosynthesis. A number of tunic cords are connected to the internal tunic of the siphon by forming “eyelet” structures at their termini. These observations suggest that the tunic cords act as a connector between dorsal and internal tunic of the siphon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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