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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Alveolar macrophages ; Tumoricidal activity ; PBL ; Lung cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It has been reported that the in vitro development of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients is reduced significantly when compared to that in peripheral blood monocytes from the same patients or alveolar macrophages from control patients. In the present investigation, a method for potentiating the development of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients is described. This method, which relies on priming the macrophages with purified, allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors, could not be demonstrated when autologous lymphocytes from lung cancer patients were used in the priming coculture. The augmentation of tumoricidal function appears to be mediated by one or more soluble factors, since supernatants from cocultures of alveolar macrophages and allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes could enhance the cytotoxic function of freshly obtained alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, it appears that NK cells are necessary for this effect, since depletion of CD56+/CD57+ cells from allogeneic lymphocytes eliminated their capacity to enhance alveolar macrophage cytotoxic function. The augmentation of cytotoxic function elicited in alveolar macrophages by this method was not associated with changes in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor α, or interleukin 1β.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Alveolar macrophages ; Tumoricidal activity ; PBL ; Interleukin-6 ; Lung cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies have demonstrated that alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients are impaired in their ability to develop tumoricidal function when stimulated by activators such as interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide. However, these same macrophages have been shown to develop significant tumoricidal function when precultured with macrophage-depleted allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors, an effect that was lost by the elimination of natural killer cells from the allogeneic lymphocyte population. In the present study, the effect of each activation condition on the expression of mRNA for interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IL-6 was determined using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. The results show that the non-permissive activation condition is associated with the expression of mRNA for IL-6 while the permissive activation condition is not. Antibodies against IL-6 were subsequently shown to permit the development of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages stimulated with interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide while IL-6 protein was shown to inhibit the stimulatory action of allogeneic lymphocytes on the development of tumoricidal function in the same alveolar macrophages. Neither the permissive (i.e. allogeneic lymphocyte stimulation) nor the non-permissive (i.e. interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide) activation condition had any effect on the capacity of alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients to express mRNA for IL-1α, IL-1β or TNFα. These results show that IL-6 can regulate the ability of alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients to be stimulated by interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide to develop significant tumoricidal function. They also show that allogeneic lymphocytes have the capacity to down-regulate IL-6 mRNA synthesis by alveolar macrophages thereby permitting the development and/or expression of macrophage tumoricidal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ausdauerbelastung ; Sportgetränke ; Kohlenhydrataufnahme ; Energieumsatz ; Stoffwechsel ; “post-exercise ketosis” ; endurance exercise ; sports beverages ; carbohydrate consumption ; energy turnover ; metabolism ; post-exercise ketosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present study addressed the effects of carbohydrate consumption during endurance exercise on performance, energy turnover, and metabolism. Well-trained endurance runners consumed a beverage with (cho[+]) or without (cho[−]) carbohydrates during a long-distance run (46.6 km). The respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma levels of carbohydrate and fat metabolites, and of hormones (insulin, glucagon) were measured before, several times during, and after the run. The mean running speed for the entire distance was 13.6 and 13.4 km/h with the cho[+] and cho[−] beverage, respectively. The decrease in speed that was observed towards the end of the run was somewhat more pronounced with consumption of the cho[−] beverage. The RQ decreased during the run almost linearily. This decrease was independent of the consumed beverage. The changes in plasma levels of lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (DHB), glucagon and insulin that occurred during the run were not affected by intake of the cho[+] beverage. However, intake of the cho [+] beverage prevented the decrease in plasma glucose observed towards the end of the run under control conditions, and eliminated the steep postexercise increase in plasma DHB. The intake of the cho[+] beverage also caused a rapid decrease in plasma levels of FFA and glucagon after the run, and slightly increased plasma insulin. The results demonstrate that ingestion of a carbohydrate-containing beverage during a long-distance run affects metabolism only during the final phase of the run and during the subsequent recovery period. Moreover, carbohydrate consumption improves performance only during the final phase of a long-distance run.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Einfluß der Kohlenhydrataufnahme während eines Langstreckenlaufes über 46,6 km auf Leistungsfähigkeit, Energieumsatz und Stoffwechsel untersucht. Gut trainierte Läufer erhielten während des Laufes entweder ein kohlenhydrathaltiges (KH[+]) oder ein kohlenhydratfreies (KH[−]) Getränk. Der respiratorische Quotient (RQ), die Plasmakonzentrationen von Metaboliten des Kohlenhydrat- bzw. Fettstoffwechsels und von Hormonen (Insulin, Glucagon) wurden gemessen. Die mittlere Geschwindigkeit über die gesamte Distanz betrug 13,6 (KH[+]) bzw. 13,4 (KH[−]) km/h. Dabei war der gegen Ende des Laufes allgemein feststellbare Leistungsabfall bei Aufnahme des KH[+]-Getränkes etwas schwächer ausgeprägt als bei Aufnahme des KH[−]-Getränkes. Der RQ nahm unabhängig von der Kohlenhydrataufnahme während des gesamten Laufes annähernd linear ab. Die während des Laufes feststellbaren Veränderungen der Plasmakonzentrationen von Lactat, Freien Fettsäuren (FFS), Glycerin, D-3-Hydroxybutyrat (DHB), Glucagon und Insulin wurden durch die Kohlenhydrataufnahme nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Aufnahme des KH[+]-Getränkes verhinderte jedoch den unter Kontrollbedingungen gegen Ende des Laufes feststellbaren Abfall der Plasmaglucosekonzentration sowie den steilen Anstieg des Plasmaspiegels von DHB nach dem Lauf. Ferner führte die Kohlenhydrataufnahme zu einem raschen Abfall der Plasmakonzentrationen von FFS und Glucagon nach dem Lauf und erhöhte die Plasmakonzentration von Insulin geringfügig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die exogene Zufuhr von Kohlenhydraten den Stoffwechsel erst in der Endphase eines Langstreckenlaufes sowie in der anschließenden Erholungsphase beeinflußt. Ein positiver Effekt der Kohlenhydrataufnahme auf die Leistungsfähigkeit tritt ebenfalls erst in der Endphase eines so langen Laufes auf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 318-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Attention ; Fixation ; Saccadic reaction time Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of visual attention and fixation upon the distribution of saccadic latencies: express (E-), fast regular (FR-), and slow regular (SR-) saccades were investigated. Extinguishing a fixation or an attention point 200–300 ms before target onset increases the incidence of E-saccades while concurrently decreasing the proportion of SR-saccades. Since this extinction forces a disengaging of attention, these changes in relative proportions of saccades reflect the elimination of one of the steps involved in programming saccades. It is shown that a previously attended stimulus has a favored status relative to other stimuli in the visual field. If, after being turned off, the previously attended fixation point or a peripheral attention stimulus is turned on near the time of the target's appearance, the occurrence of the E-saccades is greatly reduced. However, the appearance of any other stimulus in the visual field at or near the time of the target onset does not inhibit E-saccades. Contrary to the conclusions reached by Posner and Cohen (1984), a stimulus presented at the formerly attended location can attract attention more efficiently than a stimulus presented at another, new location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 546-552 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Attention ; Fixation ; Saccades ; Saccadic reaction times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Saslow (1967) and Fischer and Ramsperger (1984) found that saccadic reaction time (SRT) depends on the interval between the fixation point offset and the target onset. Using a continuously visible fixation point, we asked whether a similar function would be obtained if subjects attended to a peripherally viewed point extinguished at variable intervals before or after the target onset. The interval was varied between -500ms (i.e., attention stimulus offset after saccade target onset = overlap trials) and 500ms (i.e., attention stimulus offset before saccade target onset = gap trials). The results show a constant mean SRT of about 240 ms for overlap trials, and a U-shaped function with a minimum of 140 ms, at a gap duration of 200 ms, for gap trials. These findings suggest that saccadic latencies do not depend on the cessation of fixation per se, but rather on the disengagement of attention from any location in the visual field. The time required for subjects to disengage their attention is approximately 100 ms. This disengaged state of attention — during which short latency (express) saccades can be made — can be sustained only for a gap duration of 300 ms. At longer gap durations mean SRTs increase again.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 156 (1988), S. 123-137 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Samples of polyoxymethylene (unstabilized and stabilized with the antiozonants N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamin (IPPD) and bis-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyd)pentaerithritylacetal (Vulkazon AFS)) were ozonized under mechanical load in a special climate chamber. Surface damages were determined by IR-spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. During the ozonolysis a damaged layer is formed, the thickness of which increases with increasing time of ozonization. During this damaging reaction acetal groups are attacked and oligomers are formed.
    Notes: Proben von unstabilisiertem und mit den Antiozonantien N-Isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylendiamin (IPPD) und Bis-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyd)-pentaerithrityl-acetal (Vulkazon AFS) stabilisiertem Polyoxymethylen wurden unter mechanischer Belastung in einer Klimakammer ozonisiert. Die Schädigungen auf der Oberfläche wurden IR-spektroskopisch und rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Während der Ozonisierung von POM bildet sich eine geschädigte Schicht, deren Dicke mit zunehmender Ozonisierungszeit wächst. Hierbei wird das Polymere an den Acetalbindungen angegriffen, wodurch Ketten gespalten werden und Oligomere entstehen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: HNBR rubbers, which are made by selective hydrogenation of the olefinic bonds of NBR rubbers, have been developed, because they show improved resistance towards heat and chemicals. In this study, two other properties are discussed that arise from the fact that HNBR rubbers are fairly alternating copolymers of unpolar butylene and polar acrylonitrile units: At intermediate compostions, HNBR rubbers form homogeneous blends with PVC, and near the symmetric composition they exhibit strain-induced crystallisation. The thermal transitions of the HNBR rubbers and their miscibility with PVC were analyzed, as well as the crystallisation and the stress-strain behaviour of a HNBR of symmetric composition.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersucht wurde die Verträglichkeit von polymeren Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen mit verschiedener Comonomersequenzordnung. Eine erste Copolymerenserie (“PVCx”) wurde durch Reduktion von Polyvinylchorid hergestellt, eine zweite Serie (“PECx”) durch Chlorieren von Polyethylen. Die Polymer-Legierungen PECx/PECy, PVCx/PVCy und PVCx/PECy wurden bei 30°C und 110°C mit einer Lösungsfilmmethode analysiert. Im System PECx/PECy nimmt die Mischbarkeit mit steigendem Chlorgehalt der Copolymeren stetig zu. Bei den Systemen PVCx/PVCy und PVCx/PECy zeigt sich im Bereich um x = 1 eine erhöhte Tendenz zur Phasenseparation, die auf die bessere Comonomersequenzordnung der Copolymeren PVCx zurückzuführen ist. Im letzteren System ist diese Tendenz so stark, daß Polyvinylchlorid (PVCx=1) sogar mit dem chlorierten Polyethylen PECx=1, das die gleiche Bruttozusammensetzung hat, nicht mischbar ist.
    Notes: The compatibility of chlorinated hydrocarbon polymers of two different comonomer sequence orders was investigated. One series of copolymers (“PVCx”) was prepared via reduction of polyvinylchloride, the other (“PECx”) via chlorination of polyethylene in solution. The blends PECx/PECy, PVCx/PVCy and PVCx/PECy were analyzed with a film casting method at 30°C and 110°C. Miscibility increases in the system PECx/PECy steadily in the direction of increasing chlorine content. Due to the comonomer sequence order in the copolymers PVCx the systems PVCx/PVCy and PVCx/PECy show in the range around x = 1 an extra effect favouring phase separation. In the latter system this effect is so strong that polyvinylchloride (PVCx = 1) is even incompatible with the chlorinated polyethylene PECx=1 although both have the same overall composition.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 199 (1992), S. 191-205 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Gesättigte aliphatische Polyester mit dem aus Stärke erhältlichen 1.4:3.6-Dianhydrosorbit wurden mit PVC gemischt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Mischungen wurden mittels Differentialkalorimetrie, Spannungs-Dehnungs-Experimenten und Torsionspendelmessungen untersucht. Polyester mit mehr als vier Methylengruppen in der Säurekomponente sind mit PVC mischbar. Mischungen aus PVC und Poly(1.4:3.6-dianhydrosorbitadipat) sind dagegen unverträglich; sie zeigen für jedes Mischungsverhältnis zwei Glastemperaturen, die bei denen der Reinkomponenten liegen.
    Notes: Saturated aliphatic polyesters with 1.4:3.6-dianhydrosorbitol units were mixed with poly(vinylchloride) (PVC). The mechanical properties of these mixtures were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, stress-strain experiments, and torsion pendulum measurements. Polyesters containing more than four methylene groups in the acid component are compatible with PVC. These polyesters can serve as plasticizers for PVC. On the contrary, mixtures of PVC with poly(1.4:3.6-dianhydrosorbitol adipate) are incompatible; in this case, at any blend composition, the two glass transition temperatures of the pure components are observed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 210 (1993), S. 173-196 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch radikalische Kettenübertragung ausgelöste Pfropfcopolymerisationen von Polyestern rnit Styrol wurden untersucht. Als Rückgratkette diente ein Modellpolyester aus trans- 1,4-Cyclohexandiol und Sebacinsäuredichlorid. Ferner wurden flüssigkristalline Polyester rnit 1,4 : 3,6-Dianhydrosorbit und 1,4-Anhydroerythrit als Diolkomponenten hergestellt und zur Pfropfcopolymerisation mit Styrol eingesetzt. Polymerblends aus Tetramethylbisphenol A-Polycarbonat und den ungepfropften sowie mit Styrol gepfropften flüssigkristallinen Polyestern wurden durch gemeinsame Fällung von Polymerlösungen erhalten; ihr Verhalten wurde mit Torsionspendelmessungen, dynamisch-mechanischer Thermoanalyse und Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Der gepfropfte Polyester erwies sich dabei als wirksamer Phasenvermittler.
    Notes: Graft copolymerizations of polyesters with styrene by free-radical chain transfer reactions were investigated. A model polyester of trans-l,4-cyclohexanediol and sebacoy1 dichloride was used as backbone chain. The graft products were characterized. Furthermore, liquid crystalline polyesters with 1,4 : 3,6-dianhydrosorbitol and 1,4-anhydroerythritol as diol components were synthesized and used in graft copolymerizations with styrene. Polymer blends of tetramethylbisphenol A polycarbonate and the LC-polyester with and without polystyrene grafts were prepared by common precipitation of polymer solutions and their behaviour was examined by torsion pendulum, dynamic-mechanical thermoanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. The grafted polyester turned out to be an efficient phase compatibilizer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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