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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 1059-1073 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Autoimmune thyroid disease ; Disseminated autonomy ; Toxic adenoma ; Diagnostic concepts ; Treatment of tyroid diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to derive diagnostic concepts for thyroid diseases we present pathophysiological models for the prevalent thyroid disorders. ‘Euthyroid goiter’ is a disease mainly caused by iodine deficiency but an additional immunepathogenesis was recently proposed. The ‘immunthyropathy’ is the thyroid disease with orbitopathy and other extraglandular immunological manifestations. A complete model of the immunological phenomena which begin with a tolerance defect is given, and both the T-cell- and B-cell-mediated pathways are detailed. The complex interaction of immunoglobulins at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and their dependency on human leukocyte antigen loci are presented. The peripheral metabolism depends ultimately upon a prevalence of thyroid gland stimulation (thyrotoxicosis) or glandular destruction (hypothyroidism) and this is true for overt thyroid disease under antithyroid drug therapy or any other therapy. Euthyroidism during ‘immunethyropathy’ is presented as an equilibrium between thyroid stimulation and destruction. This concept allows an exact description of the thyroid disease and the resulting clinical situation provided that established laboratory tests are used as suggested by the model. ‘Disseminated thyroid autonomy and autononous thyroid adenoma’ develops during goitrous thyroid disease as a consequence of uncoupling of thyroid cellular growth stimulation, iodine utilization, and thyroid hormone synthesis. The polyclonal origin seems more frequent than monoclonal foci. The size of autononous tissue and individual iodine supply determines the endocrine function in this disease. The TRH test monitors with great sensitivity subtle increases in T4 or T3 production and indicates critical clinical situations earlier than the scintiscan. The exposure of the thyroid gland to large amounts of iodine precipitate thyroid storm and this has lead us to propose a protocol for patients in danger which seems clinically useful. It is hoped that the diagnostic procedures for thyroid diseases are more rational, effective, and less expensive when they are based on modern concepts of pathophysiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 371 (1987), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Hyperthyroidism ; Graves' disease ; Thyroidectomy ; Thyrotoxicosis ; Surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 73 von 1975 bis 1986 operativ behandelte Patienten mit einer Immunthyreopathie und Hyperthyreose wurden retrospektiv untersucht. 43 Patienten, bei denen eine subtotal beidseitige Thyreoidektomie (Enderlen-Rotz) mit einem bilateralen Schilddrüsenrest von insgesamt 8–12 g durchgeführt worden war, wurden mit einer Gruppe von 30 Patienten verglichen, bei denen eine modifizierte subtotale Thyreoidektomie mit einem unilateralen Schilddrüsenrest von 4–8 g erfolgt war. Analysiert wurden die präoperativen anamnestischen Daten, Operationsindikationen, Resektatgewichte, operativen Komplikationen und die postoperative Schilddrüsenfunktion. Die operativ bedingten Komplikationen waren in beiden Gruppen ähnlich. Nach beidseits subtotaler Resektion entwickelten 14/43 Patienten (33%) entweder ein Hyperthyreoserezidiv (9/43, 21 %) oder ein lokales Strumarezidiv (3/43, 7%) oder beides (2/43, 5%). In der modifiziert subtotal thyreoidektomierten Patientengruppe traten keine Rezidive auf. Nach beidseits subtotaler Thyreoidektomie waren 11 Patienten (26%) euthyreot ohne Schilddrüsenhormonsubstitution, nach modifiziert subtotaler Resektion lediglich zwei Patienten (7%). Um postoperativ eine euthyreote Stoffwechsellage ohne Schilddrüsenhormonsubstitution zu erreichen, gleichzeitig aber das Auftreten von Struma-und Hyperthyreoserezidiven zu vermeiden, wird bei allen Patienten mit einer großen Struma und einer primär chronisch-rezidivierenden Verlaufsform der Immunthyreopathie sowie bei jodinduzierter Hyperthyreose als Operationsmethode der Wahl eine subtotale Thyreoidektomie mit einem kleinen Schilddrüsenrest von 4 - 8 g empfohlen, bei Patienten mit großen Strumen und einer nicht-chronisch-rezidivierenden Immunthyreopathie dagegen eine subtotale Thyreoidektomie mit einem Schilddrüsenrest von 8–12 g.
    Notes: Summary 73 patients with Graves' disease, surgically treated from 1975–1986, were investigated retrospectively. 43 patients, treated by subtotal thyroidectomy (Enderlen-Hotz) and a bilateral thyroid remnant of a total of about 8–12 g, were compared with 30 patients, treated by a modified subtotal thyroidectomy leaving a unilateral thyroid remnant of about 4–8 g, with respect to preoperative duration of disease, indications for surgical treatment, weight of resected specimens, operative complications and postoperative thyroid function. Surgical complications were similar in both groups. After subtotal thyroidectomy 14/43 patients (33%) displayed either recurrent hyperthyroidism (9/43, 21%) or local recurrence of Graves' goiter (3/43, 7%) or both (2/43, 5%). The modified subtotal resected group showed no recurrences of the disease. After subtotal thyroidectomy 11 patients were euthyroid without thyroid medication (26%) compared to only two patients (7%) after the modified procedure of subtotal thyroid resection. To prevent recurrences of goiter as well as hyperthyroidism and, on the other hand, to achieve euthyroid function postoperatively without need for thyroid replacement therapy, subtotal thyroidectomy with a small thyroid remnant of about 4–8 g is recommended for all patients with large goiter and a chronic recurrent course of the disease or with iodine induced thyrotoxicosis. Patients with non-recurrent Graves' disease but large goiter probably benefit from subtotal thyroidectomy with a larger thyroid remnant of about 8–12 g.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 365 (1985), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Thyrotoxicosis ; Hyperthyroidism ; Iodine ; Surgery ; Thyroidectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Klinischer Verlauf, Operationsindikation and Behandlungsergebnisse bei 8 Patientinnen mit jodinduzierter Hyperthyreose (IIT) werden vorgestellt. Die Diagnose einer IIT konnte bei allen 8 Patientinnen gesichert werden durch den Nachweis a) der klinischen Hyperthyreose, b) einer Erhöhung des Serum T3 und T4 und c) der vorangegangenen Jodbelastung. Die Hyperthyreose-auslösenden Jodbelastungen waren Röntgenkontrastmittel zur i. v.-Pyelographie (n = 4), oralen Cholecystographie (n = 3), i. v.-Cholangiographie (n = 1), Phlebographie (n = 1) und zur Schädel-Computertomographie. Die Latenzphase bis zum Auftreten der Hyperthyreose betrug 1 bis 8 Wochen. Die Indikationen zur Operation waren: 1. IIT bei autonomer Knotenstruma (n = 6) und 2. IIT bei Immunthyreopathie (n = 2). Entsprechend der unterschiedlichen Pathogenese jodinduzierter Hyperthyreosen bei autonomen und immunogenen Strumen wird folgendes operatives Vorgehen empfohlen: a) Enukleation beim solitären autonomen Adenom oder Hemithyreoidektomie bei großen autonomen Adenomen, b) bilateral subtotale Schilddrüsenresektion oder, wenn möglich, Hemithyreoidektomie kombiniert mit einer subtotalen Resektion kontralateral bei autonomen Knotenstrumen; c) „near total”-Thyreoidektomie bei Immunthyreopathien.
    Notes: Summary Clinical course, indications for surgical treatment, and results of treatment in 8 female patients with iodine induced thyrotoxicosis (IIT) are reported. The diagnosis of IIT could be established in all patients by a) clinical hyperthyroidism, b) increased T3 and T4 serum concentrations, and c) previous iodine contamination. Sources of iodine were radiographic contrast agents for urography (n = 4), oral cholecystography (n = 3), intravenous cholangiography (n = 1), phlebography (n = 1), and cranial computer tomography (n = 1). The onset of hyperthyroidism occurred 1– 8 weeks after iodine exposure. Indications for surgical treatment of IIT were: 1. autonomous nodular goiter (n = 6), and 2. iodine exacerbation of preexisting thyrotoxicosis in patients with Graves' disease (n = 2). Corresponding to the different pathogenesis of autonomous and immunogenetic goiter the following surgical treatment is recommended: a) Enucleation of solitary autonomous adenomas or unilateral lobectomy in case of large adenomas, b) subtotal bilateral lobectomy in toxic multinodular goiter or, preferentially, unilateral lobectomy combined with subtotal resection of the contralateral thyroid lobe; c) “Near-total” thyroidectomy in Graves' immunopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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