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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 2 (1981), S. 99-106 
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Aerial righting reflex ; Audiogenic-seizure susceptibility ; Bombesin ; Ethanol ; Ethanol withdrawal ; Neuropeptides ; Neurotensin ; Punished responding ; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Tremor ; β-endorphin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Punishment ; Conffict ; Benzodiazepine receptor binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol (ETOH), like chlordiazepoxide (CDZ), significantly attenuated the suppressive effect of punishment on licking behavior in water-deprived rats and mice. In rats, the greatest effects of ETOH (1.5 g/kg) were observed between 30 and 60 min following IP administration. tert-Butanol also attenuated the effects of punishment, suggesting that acetaldehyde was not contributing to this effect of ETOH. Since a dose of ETOH that increased punished drinking did not increase unpunished drinking, alteration in thirst motivation would not appear to be responsible for its antipunishment action. However, doses of ETOH or CDZ that significantly increased punished responding increased jump thresholds to aversive shock, suggesting that decreased sensitivity to aversive stimulation may contribute to the anti-punishment action of both agents. In addition to these similarities between ethanol and CDZ, several differences were noted in their effects. For example, CDZ decreased serum corticosterone concentration, whereas ETOH did not. Further, ETOH impaired aerial righting reflex and reduced rectal temperature, whereas CDZ had no effect on these parameters at doses that had anti-punishment activity. Finally, specific binding of [3H]flunitrazepam to crude brain cortical membranes was decreased by CDZ, but not ETOH. Although ETOH and CDZ similarly alter punished behavior, results suggest that ETOH does not act through a direct interaction with a benzodiazepine binding site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Angeborene Herzfehler ; Fetale Autopsie ; Autopsiemethode ; Pränatale Diagnostik ; Keywords Congenital heart defects ; Fetal autopsy ; Autopsy method ; Prenatal diagnostics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract As a result of the quality of prenatal ultrasound and the expanded experience of prenatal diagnosticians, it is possible to observe congenital heart malformations in increasingly greater detail and at an ever earlier stage of gestation [4]. Since it is on the basis of ultrasound findings that decisions to terminate pregnancies are made, it is of cardinal importance that after termination monitoring and confirmation of the prenatal diagnosis be carried out. This need can only be adequately met by autopsy. There are different methods for carrying out autopsies when there is suspicion of a congenital heart defect: a) the Anderson sequential segmental analysis as modified according to the Berlin method; b) use of a special autoptic method corresponding to the ultrasound findings, based on defining a preferred sectional plane; c) stereo-microscopically; or d) microscopically after embedding and preparation of serial microscopic sections. For the pathologist the consequence is that he has to adapt his autopsy method to the ultrasound findings and the age of the fetus. This enables him to determine an optimal, case-based autopsy strategy for each type of cardiac defect, which is essential for monitoring of the prenatal diagnosis. The present paper discusses the various autoptic methods used in cases of congenital heart malformations and the consequences for the pathologist of the continuing improvements in prenatal diagnostics.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund der Qualität der Untersuchungsergebnisse des pränatalen Ultraschalls und der gestiegenen Erfahrungen in der Pränataldiagnostik, lassen sich angeborene Herzfehler detaillierter und in immer früheren Schwangerschaftswochen darstellen [4]. Da auf der Basis der Ultraschallbefunde Entscheidungen über die Beendigung von Schwangerschaften getroffen werden, besteht nach vollzogener Beendigung der Schwangerschaft, ein starkes Bedürfnis nach Kontrolle und Bestätigung der pränatalen Diagnostik. Dies kann erschöpfend nur durch die Sektion befriedigt werden. Angeborene Herzfehler können mit verschiedenen Methoden seziert werden: a) nach der Anderson-Segmentanalyse, modifiziert nach der Berliner-Methode, b) nach einer speziellen Sektionstechnik entsprechend der Ultraschallbefunde mit Festlegung einer pathologisch-anatomischen Vorzugsschnittebene, c) stereomikroskopisch oder d) mikroskopisch nach Einbettung und Aufarbeitung in Serienschnitten. Die Konsequenz, die sich daraus für den Pathologen ergibt ist, dass er seine Sektionstechnik in Abhängigkeit von Ultraschallbefund und Alter des Fetus anpassen und festlegen muss. Somit kann eine adäquate fallabhängige Autopsiestrategie für jeden speziellen Herzfehler festgelegt werden, die für die Qualitätskontrolle der pränatalen Diagnostik unerlässlich ist. In dem folgenden Beitrag werden verschiedene Sektionstechniken bei angeborenen Herzfehlern analysiert und die sich aus den derzeitigen Ergebnissen der pränatalen Diagnostik ableitenden Konsequenzen für Pathologen, dargestellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 90-93 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Mental rehearsal ; Classical conditioning ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four groups of six male social drinkers learned a motor skill task and then drank the same dose of ethanol (0.62 g/kg) during each of five drinking sessions. Sessions 1 and 5 provided pre- and posttreatment measures of ethanol effects on task performance. During treatment sessions 2 to 4, two groups mentally rehearsed (MR) the task after drinking, either in the same test environment (MRSE) or in an entirely different environment resembling a library (MRDE). The other two groups received no MR after consuming ethanol, and simply performed an auditory detection task, either in the same test room (NMRSE) or in the different room (NMRDE). Posttreatment impairment of task performance under ethanol revealed significant main effects of mental rehearsal (P=0.04) and environment (P=0.04). The MRSE group was least impaired (i.e., most tolerant), and the NMRDE group was most impaired. Thus, repeated mental rehearsal and repeated exposure to the same test environment under ethanol each facilitated behavioral tolerance to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Catecholamines ; Extraversion ; Personality ; Performance ; Stress ; Epinephrine ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Individual differences in catecholamine response to stress and ethanol were tested in extraverts and introverts on the basis of Eysenck's drug postulate claiming that introverts would be less susceptible to sedative drugs like ethanol. Forty-four healthy males received either 0.8 g/kg ethanol mixed into a drink of caffeine-free cola or a respective placebo and were tested with a stressful mental arithmetic task before and 40 min after the intake of the drink. Plasma catecholamines were determined from blood samples drawn at five defined intervals from an indwelling cannula and self-ratings on deactivation, relaxation, and anxiety were obtained as well as quality and quantity of performance in the arithmetic task. Results showed that there was no difference in catecholamine stress responses between introverts (Ex −) and extraverts (Ex +) before the drink, but that the intake of the fluid (both ethanol and placebo) resulted in higher norepinephrine (NE) increases in Ex − than in Ex +. The combined effects of ethanol and stress yielded larger responses of longer durations in Ex− than in Ex +. The concomitant psychological changes showed larger reductions in anxiety and increases in relaxation as well as larger decrements in quality of performance (% errors) in introverts in spite of their higher catecholamine increases. Thus, the predictions on the basis of arousal theory could not be verified experimentally and the drug postulate has to be modified in the sense that introverts probably have a higher depletion of NE in the central nervous system under physical but not under mental stress which is reflected by higher levels in the plasma and respective decreases in performance and activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenmetozole ; Ethanol ; Aerial righting reflex ; Conflict behavior ; Guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate ; Physical dependence ; Physiological antagonism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The selectivity and specificity of fenmetozole (DH-524) [2(3,4-dichlorophenoxy-methy))2-imidazole HCl] as an antagonist of the actions of ethanol were examined. Fenmetozole (15–30 g/kg) reduced ethanol-induced impairment of the aerial righting reflex without changing blood or brain ethanol content, indicating that the antagonistic actions of fenmetozole were not due to change in the pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Since fenmetozole also reduced aerial righting reflex impairment due to phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, and halothane, this action of fenmetozole was not specific to ethanol. In mice, both the ethanolinduced increase in locomotor activity at 2.0 g/kg and the decrease caused by 4.0 g/kg were antagonized by fenmetozole. In addition, fenmetozole attenuated the ethanol-induced reduction in cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content, but the drug also significantly elevated cGMP levels in this tissue when given alone. Fenmetozole did not alter ethanolinduced increases in punished drinking in a conflict test, except at a high dose which alone decreased both punished and unpunished responding. Fenmetozole also failed to precipitate ethanol withdrawal-like reactions when given to physically-dependent, intoxicated rats. Thus, the antagonistic action of fenmetozole against ethanol would not seem to be related to a specific receptor interaction but rather may be the result of a physiological antagonism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: RO 15-1788 ; Conflict ; Light/dark choice procedure ; Staircase test ; Ethanol ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor antagonist RO 15-1788 (3 mg/kg) on the anxiolytic properties of ethanol in mice confronted with a light/dark choice procedure and with the staircase test were investigated. RO 15-1788 reversed the effects of ethanol on some of the behavioural parameters without eliciting intrinsic effects when given alone. These data closely resemble those we previously obtained with several BZD receptor inverse agonists such as RO 15-3505, RO 15-4513 or β-CCM. Since anxiogenic-like properties of low doses of RO 15-1788 have been identified by other authors, it is suggested that the antagonistic action of this drug against some of the behavioural effects of ethanol could be due to its being a partial BZD inverse agonist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 392-396 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: RO 15-4513 ; Conflict ; Ethanol ; Locomotion ; Convulsions ; Pentylenetetrazol ; Sedation ; Light/dark choice procedure ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Opposite effects were observed of ethanol on the behaviour of mice in the two chambered light/dark test. At a low dose, it had anxiogenic effects, while it produced anxiolytic effects at a higher dose. Selective antagonistic actions of RO 15-4513 against the behavioural effects of ethanol have been reported by others without intrinsic actions. In contrast, we found intrinsic depressive properties of RO 15-4513. This drug reduced locomotion in a running wheel test. We suggest that RO 15-4513 reversed certain effects of ethanol in an additive, rather than interactive, manner. In addition, RO 15-4513 did not block the sedation produced by a high dose of ethanol. Since RO 15-4513 revealed proconvulsant properties, it is proposed that the depressive effects of this drug could be related to its proconvulsive activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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