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  • Maximal aerobic power  (6)
  • Circadian rhythms  (3)
  • Body composition  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise ; Fitness ; Body composition ; Growth ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report gives results of a longitudinal study of two cohorts of school children in Norway and West-Germany. The rate of growth in body size and composition is identical for the two samples, but different for the two sexes, and follows closely the trend of growth which has been found for North-Europeans in general. Despite of this similarity in growth of anatomical variables the Norwegian children appeared to be superior in their maximum aerobic power at all comparable ages and in both sexes. The differences between means in maximal oxygen uptake varies somewhat with age and sex and are in the range of 5–10%. It is suggested that the mean differences between Norwegian and German children in their exercise and cardio-vascular fitness are brought about by a more physically active behavioural pattern of living in Norway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Cardio-vascular health indicators ; Maximal aerobic power ; Arterial blood pressure ; Blood lipids ; Habitual physical activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with favourable levels of constitutional cardio-vascular health indicators during childhood and adolescence. A cross-sectional randomised sample of healthy Czechoslovakian children was investigated, because this population is habituated to a favourable life style. Twenty girls and 20 boys at ages 8, 12 and 16 years were recruited to the study. Statistical data for means and standard deviations are presented with regard to maximal aerobic power, haemodynamic variables such as arterial blood pressure, heart rate at submaximal and maximal muscular exercise, body fat content, blood lipids including total cholesterol and its fractions, high- and low-density lipo-proteins, fasting triglycerides and the apo-lipo-protein profile. The maximal oxygen uptake in absolute values increased with age in both sexes and the boys appeared to average higher than the girls at each age. When maximal aerobic power was expressed on a total body weight basis, boys appeared to average higher at age 16 years (56 ml·min-1·kg-1) than girls (45.8 ml·min-1·kg-1). The highest recorded heart rate for ergometric work averaged close to 200 min-1 in both sexes with no significant age differences. The diastolic blood pressure at rest did not change significantly with age or sex. Serum cholesterol levels were found to decrease significantly after puberty in boys (post-pubertal dip), but in the girls there was found no systematic change in mean values with age. When HDL was expressed as a percentage of total cholesterol there appeared to be no differences related to age and sex. Neither the apo-lipo-proteins, nor the fasting serum triglycerides changed significantly with age and sex. The inter-relationship between the different health indicators as well the influences of life style on risk factors are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic power ; Biological age ; Maturation ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of maximal aerobic power as a function of maturation by a longitudinal study with annual examinations of representative samples of 56 boys and 56 girls in Norway and Western Germany. The age at which occurred peak height velocity (PHV) (i.e. the age at which the greatest height velocity was observed) was used as a reference of biological age and maturation. Before the PHV the mean maximal aerobic power was the same in two cohorts of children both in absolute values as well as in values relative to total and lean body mass. At and after PHV the boys were similar in their absolute values, but the German girls decreased their exercise fitness and became inferior to the Norwegian girls during later adolescence. When related to age of PHV the maximal aerobic power increased during the prepubertal years, mainly as an effect of growth in body size with little or no additional effect of other factors and approached a ceiling level at the end of adolescence. The boys exhibited clearly superior exercise fitness during all years of childhood and adolescence, this being in contrast to the widely accepted concept that no sex difference exists in exercise fitness before puberty. The maximum level for $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ -max, reached at the end of adolescence, averaged 3.2 l/min with a coefficient of variation of about 12% for the boys, and 2.5 l/min for the Norwegian girls and a similar coefficient of variation. As these ceiling values of maximal oxygen uptake agree with published averages for normal young adults representative for the normal population in these two countries, it is suggested that they represent optimal values brought about mainly by normal growth in body size with no or little additional effects of other factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Time zone crossing ; Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Human performance ; Subjective alertness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Physiological functions ; Circadian rhythms ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral and rectal temperature, urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and heart rate were measured in 28 watchkeepers working a “4-on/8-off” routine, and in 25 dayworkers, on board ships. Readings of oral temperature were taken over 4-hourly periods of up to two weeks; the rectal temperature, urine, and heart rate data were collected on selected days within these periods. Analysis of watchkeepers' temperatures and unconjugated catecholamine excretions showed slight signs of an interactive adaptation to time of day and hours of work, but it was clear that full phase adjustment of the circadian rhythms to shifted hours of work did not occur. The “split” pattern of sleep imposed by the watch system may be a major factor in preventing complete adaptation of physiological rhythms to shift work in the shipboard situation; this problem could be overcome by devising a system that allows sleep to be taken in a single uninterrupted block each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Fatigue ; Sleep ; Performance efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The safety of a ship depends substantially on its bridge watchkeepers, whose alertness and efficiency must be maintained at all hours of the day and night. Fatigue, circadian rhythms, and sleep disruption occasioned by the unusual working hours of these personnel may all affect their performance. A methodology for assessing the magnitude of this problem is proposed. The application of this methodology in a large-scale shipboard study of merchant mariners on extended voyages is then described, and details given of the techniques used to measure sleep and activity, and temporal variations in a range of physiological and psychological parameters. A summary of the data collected in the study is provided as a reference point for the reports on the different aspects of the results that follow in subsequent articles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 45 (1980), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Social isolation ; Body composition ; Lung function ; Maximal oxygen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper tested the hypothesis that social isolation of children brings about a reduced pattern of habitual physical activity, influences body composition during growth, and hampers development of physical performance capacity. Two cohorts of children were studied, one living at or close to the center, the other living in the periphery of the community of Lom in Southern Norway. The two cohorts of children differed in their patterns of physical behavior, but were otherwise similar in genetic traits, nutrition, and environmental conditions. During a 4-year period the two cohorts of children were tested annually. The center children were leaner, and their maximal oxygen uptake and forced expiratory volume were greater in all years of growth when related to body size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic power ; Maximal load ; Circadian rhythm ; Maximale O2-Aufnahme ; Maximale Leistung ; Tagesperiodik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei sechs hochgeübten jugendlichen Radrennfahrern mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 16,3 Jahren und einer durchschnittlichen maximalen O2-Aufnahme von 4,9 l/min wurde die maximale O2-Aufnahme in Abständen von 4 Std direkt bestimmt. Die Versuchsfolge wurde nach dem Lateinischen Quadrat festgelegt. Im submaximalen Bereich der O2-Aufnahme von 2,4 bis 4,4 l/min waren keine Unterschiede der Einzelfunktionen in Abhängigkeit von der Tageszeit zu finden. Dagegen wurden die folgenden Unterschiede zwischen den Maximal- und Minimalwerten gefunden: für die maximale Leistung $$\dot W_{\max } $$ 12,4%, für das maximale Atemzeitvolumen ( $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ ) 7,8%, für die maximale O2-Aufnahme ( $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ ) 5,7% und für die maximale Herzfrequenz (H F max) 3,4%. Alle Funktionen hatten — mit Ausnahme der $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ — ihr Minimum um 3.00 Uhr; das Minimum der $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ wurde dagegen bereits um 23.00 Uhr erreicht. Die Maxima der $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ und $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ wurden um 15.00 Uhr, der $$\dot W_{\max } $$ undH F max um 7.00 Uhr und derH F Ruhe um 19.00 Uhr gemessen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Maxima- und Minimawerten nach einseitiger Prüfung waren in allen Einzelfunktionen signifikant (P〈0,05). Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine geringere kardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit in der Nacht. Diese Verminderung wird aber erst bedeutsam, wenn die Arbeit direkt an der Dauerleistungsgrenze geleistet werden müßte. Außerdem ist daraus zu folgern, daß indirekte Methoden zur Bestimmung der $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ sowie die $$\dot W_{170} $$ in der Nachtzeit nicht sinnvoll zur Bestimmung der kardiopulmonalen Leistungsfähigkeit eingesetzt werden können, da die Voraussetzungen dieser Methoden auf die Tageszeit eingeschränkt sind.
    Notes: Abstract The maximal aerobic power of six highly trained young cyclist, mean age 16.3 years and mean $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ 4.9 l/min, was directly measured at intervals of 4 hrs. A Latin square design was used for the test order. At submaximal work of O2-consumption 2.4 to 4.4 l/min no circadian variation of any single function was found. However, at maximal work load the differences between the maxima and minima values were 12.4% for maximal work output ( $$\dot W_{\max } $$ ), 7.8% for expiratory minute volume ( $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ ), 5.7% for maximal aerobic power ( $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ ) and 3.4% for maximal heart rate (HR max). All the functions—with the exception of $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ —had their minima at 0300 hrs; the minima of $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ was reached already at 2300 hours. The maxima-values of $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ and $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ were measured at 1500 hrs, of $$\dot W_{\max } $$ andHR max at 0700 and ofHR rest at 1900 hrs correspondingly. A one-tailed test showed significant differences between the maxima and minima values of all variables (P〈0.05). The results suggest a decreased cardiopulmonary working capacity at night. However, this impairment is only of practical importance if the work will be done near the limit of endurance capacity. Besides it will suggest, that the indirect methods for assessing the cardiopulmonary capacity based on $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ and $$\dot W_{170} $$ are not useful at nighttime, because the presuppositions for these methods are limited of the time of day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Habitual physical activity ; Adolescence ; Maximal aerobic power
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of leisure time sport activity was estimated by retrospective recalls and expressed in terms of an annual sport activity score. The activity score was related to the development of maximal aerobic power during the period of late adolescence in German children. Both girls and boys reduced their activity pattern from 14 to 18 years of age, boys more than girls. At each age boys were more active than girls. A slight tendency towards better fitness with increased habitual physical activity was noticed, but many sedentary children exhibited a good performance capacity and some children with a high level of leisure time sport activity were characterized by a low level of maximal aerobic power. A statistical analysis revealed that the observed tendency to better fitness with increased habitual physical activity could be explained by an age factor with no additional effect of variation in sport activity score.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 35 (1976), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Rate of growth ; Physical education ; Maximal aerobic power ; Rural children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During a period of 4 years the annual increase of the physical performance of 31 boys and 34 girls was examined in a longitudinal study. In spite of the expected mean increase of the physical performance unsystematic annual variations of the increase of the maximal oxygen uptake related to bodyweight were observed. These variations can only be explained by the variations of the daily physical activity. The fact that in the longitudinal study a clear better performance over the years was observed than in a cross sectional study which was performed in the first year of the longitudinal study confirms this tendency. This can partly be explained by the improvement of the possibilities for physical activities in the community since the begin of the longitudinal study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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