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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency distribution of plasma cells in the medullary cords of tumour-draining axillary and paracolic lymph nodes (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Plasma cells ; Axillary lymph nodes ; Paracolic lymph nodes ; Medullary cords ; Breast cancer ; Adenocarcinoma of the large bowel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five hundred and ninety-seven axillary lymph nodes draining 104 invasive ductal breast cancers, and 94 paracolic lymph nodes draining 30 invasive adenocarcinomas of the large bowel were investigated immunohistologically to determine the frequency distribution of plasma cells (PC) in the medullary cords (MC). The degree of plasmacytic infiltration was calculated semiquantitatively using the 3-grade scale (0/+, ++, +++) of Cottier et al. (1973). Statistical analysis yielded the following results: While a marked reactive plasmacytosis (+++) was seen in 28.7% of the paracolic lymph nodes, only 1.5% of the axillary lymph nodes exhibited a comparable degree of plasmacytic infiltration (p〈0.0001). Conversely, low PC counts (0/+) were encountered in 51.1% of the paracolic lymph nodes, but in 83.9% of the axillary lymph nodes. A comparison of axillary lymph nodes with and without nodal metastastation revealed significant differences (nodal-negative cases: 0/+: 83.6%, ++: 14.3%, +++: 2.1%; nodal-positive cases: 0/+: 84.3%, ++: 14.9%, +++: 0.8%). However, significantly more (p〈0.001) paracolic lymph nodes of the nodal-negative group revealed a marked plasmacytosis, whereas in the nodal-positive group lymph nodes with low PC counts were more frequent (nodal-negative cases: 0/+: 27.7%, ++: 29.7%, +++: 42.6% ; nodal-positive cases: 0/+: 74.5%, ++: 10.6%, +++: 14.9%). The degree of plasmacytic reactions in the tumour-regional lymph nodes was not related to the stage of the primary tumour. Moreover, no correlation exists between the PC content of the MC and the amount of PC in metastatic deposits of the same lymph nodes. Altogether, these results do not support the concept that the plasmacytic reactions in the MC of tumour-draining lymph nodes are chiefly determined by effects (stimulating or suppressing) of the primary carcinomas. The topography of the lymph nodes, however, seems to be the main determinant influencing the PC content of MC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735029
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related differences in breast cancer treatment (1994)
    Springer
    Annals of surgical oncology 1 (1994), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; Older women ; Age ; Treatment differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: More than half of the cases of breast cancer treated in the United States occur in women over age 65. This study investigates age-related differences in breast cancer therapy. Methods: A retrospective review of all women with primary operable invasive breast cancer treated at the University of Michigan Breast Care Center over a 30-month period showed a total of 77 older patients aged ⩾65 years (median, 71; oldest patient, 92) for whom full information was available regarding comorbidity, tumor stage and histology, and details of surgery, radiation, and chemohormonal therapy and complications. Fifty-one similar younger patients aged 55–64 years (median, 59) were identified for comparison. Patients were classified as either having received standard treatment or nonstandard treatment. Standard therapy was prospectively defined as follows: local/regional—lumpectomy and axillary lymph node dissection plus radiation therapy or modified radical mastectomy; systemic—chemotherapy and/or tamoxifen for stage II disease. A comorbidity score calculated for each patient assigned one point each for nursing home residence, nonambulatory status, recent surgery, and each medical problem requiring drug therapy. Results: When overall treatment (local/regional plus systemic) was assessed, proportionately fewer older patients (55 of 77 versus 47 of 51;p〈0.01) received standard treatment. Fewer older than younger patients (62 of 77 versus 50 of 51;p〈0.01) received surgical therapy that included an axillary dissection. A smaller proportion of older patients received radiation therapy following lumpectomy and axillary lymph node dissection (26 of 29 versus 19 of 19; N.S.). Overall, only 59 of 77 older patients versus 50 of 51 younger patients (p〈0.001) received standard local/regional care. Similar proportions of younger and older patients (19 of 22 and 24 of 30, respectively) received standard systemic therapy for stage II breast cancer, but older patients were less likely to receive chemotherapy than younger patients (7% versus 50%;p〈0.001). Treatment-related complications were not age-related but were more frequent in patients receiving standard treatment than in patients receiving nonstandard treatment (45 of 102 versus two of 26;p〈0.001). Comorbidity score correlated with the use of nonstandard therapy but not with age. The scores for both older and younger patients receiving overall standard treatment were 0.8 versus 1.5 and 1.4, respectively, in patients receiving nonstandard treatment. Interestingly, explanations for decisions to deviate from standard treatment guidelines were often not identified. Comorbidity was explicitly noted in only one of four younger patients who received nonstandard treatment therapy. In 22 older patients who received nonstandard treatment, comorbidity was cited in eight cases, patient age was cited in six cases, and patient choice was cited in four cases. Follow-up (median, 34 months) did not show that disease-free or overall survival differences were related to age or to treatment (standard versus nonstandard). Conclusions: These data demonstrate age-related variations in breast cancer treatment in a multidisciplinary breast care unit. Lower complication rates and equivalent short-term outcomes in women who received nonstandard therapy suggest good clinical judgment may have played a role in these differences. Although age-related patient preferences and comorbidity are relevant, the age-related attitudes of caregivers must also be taken into account to fully explain these variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02303540
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fibrocartilage skeleton and related structures of the ventral pouch of Balaenopterid whales (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 299-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mandibular symphysis of rorqual whales, whales of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera, is characterized by a Y-shaped fibrocartilage structure that lies in the substance of the muscular ventral pouch of these animals. The stem of the structure joins with the symphysis and is usually indicated externally by an unfurrowed median strip of blubber that has been called the “cutwater” by earlier writers. The arms of the Y pass back and are superficially indicated in all rorqual whales as a ridge running parallel to the rami of the mandibles. This fibrocartilage skeleton of the pouch is most closely related to the mylohyoid muscle. The function of the fibrocartilage Y is probably linked with the jaw mechanics of these whales, but its precise function is otherwise not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051510207
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replication of the RNA genomeThis work was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health (GM-11936 and -11301), and the National Science Foundation (GB-5082). This is Communication No. 165 from the Joan and Lester Avent Institute of Molecular Biology. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several steps in the synthesis in vitro of infectious bacteriophage RNA can now be described. The reaction catalyzed by the Qβ RNA polymerase is known to involve several components, including the enzyme, host cell factors, Qβ RNA template, and the strand complementary to the Qβ RNA. The interaction of these components and the mechanims of the reaction appears to be considerably more complex than was proposed in earlier models.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740419
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport and phosphorylation of hexoses in normal and rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 97 (1978), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Effects of transformation by Rous sarcoma virus on sugar uptake and activity and the subcellular distribution of hexokinase isozymes in chick embryo fibroblasts were examined. Transformation caused a several-fold increase in the maximum velocity for uptake of 2-deoxyglucose without a significant change in Km. Cytochalasin B (CB), was used to differentiate between the effects of transformation on facilitated diffusion and the nonsaturable (CB-insensitive) mode. Transformation was found to stimulate 2-deoxyglucose transport by both mechanisms, but the increase in transport by the CB-insensitive mode was greater.Transformation enhances the activity of hexokinase, the enhancement being confined to the particulate fraction of the enzyme. Heat-inactivation and electrophoretic mobility studies showed that although hexokinase Type I is the major form in both normal and transformed fibroblasts, there is a significant increase in the proportion of the Type II isozyme in the transformed cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040970303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast and simple identification of adipose tissues in situ with dithizonDedicated to Dr. F. X. Hausberger in honor of his 65th birthday. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 341-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Minute amounts of white or brown adipose tissue can be localized in situ within seconds by covering the organ surfaces with an alkaline solution of dithizon (diphenylthiocarbazone) in alcohol and water. The adipose tissues stain deep green, while the other organs remain unstained, or appear in various shades of pink and red. This technique has been successfully applied to various groups of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes), and it works in fresh, in deep frozen and in formalin-fixed specimens. It fails after tissue fixation in mercuric chloride-containing fluids. In vitro studies show that the staining reaction is due to (1) a preferential solubility of small amounts of dithizon in adipose tissue lipids, and (2) the development of a green color, which appears when dithizon dissolves in lipids or organic solvents.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800208
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freeze-fracture studies on the thin limbs of Henle's loop in Psammomys obesus (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 162 (1981), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The thin limbs of short and long loops of Henle of the desert rodent Psammomys obesus were studied by freeze-fracture techniques. Intercellular junctions and internal membrane characteristics of thin-limb epithelia are of interest with regard to the high urine-concentrating capacity of this animal.The epithelium of the descending thin limbs of short loops is remarkably undifferentiated and equipped with multistrand tight junctions. In the descending thin limb of long loops, two segments are to be distinguished. The upper parts are characterized by an extensive cellular interdigitation and single-strand tight junctions. Thus, the paracellular pathways are prominent from two aspects: the junctional belt is elongated by interdigitation, and its apico-basal depth is shallow. The transition from the upper to the lower part appears to be abrupt, as indicated by the change in intramembrane particle density. The lower parts are characterized by a noninterdigitating epithelium with junctions consisting of few, but always more than two, strands. In addition, this thin-limb segment is characterized by regularly distributed infoldings of the basal cell membrane. The ascending thin limbs are established by an interdigitating epithelium, with junctions generally consisting of one strand. Once again, the elongated junctional belt is shallow.This study presents further evidence that remarkable species differences occur among thin-limb epithelia, especially concerning the descending thin limbs of long loops. Those differences may well explain discrepant functional findings concerning the transport properties of this segment in various species.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001620103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for involvement of a nuclear envelope-associated RNA helicase activity in nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 145 (1990), S. 136-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It seems well established that translocation of at least some mRNAs through the nuclear pore is (1) an energy-dependent process, and (2) dependent on the presence of the poly(A) segment attached to most mRNA species. We describe that RNA helicase (RNA duplex unwindase) activity is present in a nuclear envelope (NE) preparation, which also appears to be involved in nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport. This activity unwinds RNA : RNA hybrids. The helicase has a pH optimum of 7.5 and a temperature optimum of 30°C. Applying the sealed NE vesicle system, it was shown that duplex RNA species are readily released from the vesicles in an unidirectional manner, in contrast to single-stranded RNA, which is much slower transported into the extravesicular space. Attachment of a poly(A) segment to the RNA duplex additionally increases the efflux rate of this RNA. Efflux of duplex RNA but not efflux of single-stranded RNA was strongly inhibited by formycin B 5′-triphosphate. Our results suggest that, besides poly(A), duplex structures, if present in a given RNA, modulate and control the export of RNA.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041450119
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection criteria for breast cancer chemoprevention subjects (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 234-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Breast cancer risk ; chemoprevention ; intermediate biomarkers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Early phase chemoprevention trials differ from standard therapeutic clinical trials because asymptomatic, healthy people are treated with a potentially toxic intervention for a prolonged period of time. Current subject selection protocols have relied upon epidemiological methods to identify highrisk individuals. Most available data provide risk estimates for various individual risk factors, but few have reported risk estimates for combinations of risk factors. Selection criteria for the large tamoxifen intervention trial (NSABP P1) were developed from the work of Gail et al. [1]. The Gail model takes into account non-genetic factors (e.g., nulliparity, age at menarche, preexisting pathological conditions) and genetic factors (family history). Using a lifetime risk of 10% of developing breast cancer as a standard to intervention trial. This approach has been criticized for being insufficiently selective (i.e., all women ≥60 yrs), but appears to be the best available method to select subjects for a chemoprevention trial. Other approaches have been based on identification of very high-risk women with acknowledged pathologic conditions [lobular carcinoma in situ, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)]. Attempting to use these proliferative lesions as pathologic endpoints for drug effect has not been attempted. DCIS as a risk factor for tamoxifen intervention was excluded because of controversies over its management and because of frequent difficulties in distinguishing microinvasive from non-invasive lesions. Women treated for early stage breast cancer (Stage I) may be subjects for early stage chemopreventive interventions.We propose the use of intermediate endpoint biomarkers and genetic markers as entry criteria for early phase chemoprevention trials. For colorectal cancer chemoprevention, we have used a two-step selection process. The first step was based on epidemiologic risk assessment. Entry into the study required that a potential intermediate biomarker be positive and quantifiable. The relationship between modulation of a pre-transformational biomarker and development of cancer ultimately needs proof in a primary interventional trial; however, this methodology may permit screening of potential chemopreventive agents at lower cost and more rapid turn-around times. In early chemopreventive agent testing for breast cancer chemoprevention, we propose a similar two-step procedure. Epidemiological and/or pathological criteria for risk would be followed by a procedure to obtain cellular material. The cellular material would be assayed for pre-transformational cellular change.Identifying predictive genes in familial breast cancer cohorts such as the modified BRCA1 gene promises to select individuals at high familial and potentially physiological or environmental risk. The identification of the abnormal gene product in individuals and families will provide another important group of subjects for chemopreventive interventions. The identification of high-risk subjects for breast cancer chemoprevention, particularly those with familial genetic risk, carries important ethical problems. Such women may have difficulties obtaining health and life insurance, deciding to have children, and obtaining work. Chemoprevention trials with genetic selection criteria will need to develop methods of dealing with these issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531143
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sponge aggregation factor: In situ localization by fluorescent monoclonal antibody techniques (1986)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 31 (1986), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: aggregation factor ; monoclonal antibodies ; reaggregation ; cell recognition ; Geodia cydonium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The aggregation factor (AF) from sponges mediates a heterophilic interaction of homologous cells. Applying electron microscopical means, we succeeded only very rarely in identifying the 90 S AF particle in tissue sections from Geodia cydonium. By means of a fluorescent antibody technique, we have now localized the cell binding domain of the AF in situ. Previous studies in this laboratory have led to the identification of the 47-kDa cell binding protein of the AF, using the monoclonal antibody (mab) 5D2-D11 [Gramzow M, Bachmann M, Zahn RK, Uhlenbruck G, Dorn A, Müller WEG, J Cell Biol, 102:1344-1349, 1986]. This mab and mab 7D5, directed against a 92-kDa protein in the AF complex, were chosen for the fluorescent studies. By using mab 5D2-D11, the plasma membranes of cells from different regions in the sponge could be brightly stained. However, mab 7D5 reacted only very weakly with the sponge surfaces. By applying the immuno-blotting technique it was furthermore demonstrated that the cell binding protein is present both in the associated form with AF complex and in a free state. Moreover, it was established that the 47-kDa binding protein is not present in (1) homologous glycoconjugates, (2) lectin, or (3) collagen; these components are known to be involved in cell-matrix interaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240310402
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