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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasitic effects of oxygen on the thermoelectric properties of Si80Ge20 doped with GaP and P (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 1423-1428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The presence of oxygen in silicon-germanium can have a significant effect on the sintering, microstructural, and transport properties of these alloys. A neutron activation study was performed to follow the total oxygen content during the preparation of mechanically alloyed n-type Si-20 at. % Ge alloys using either fine powders, polycrystalline Czochralski chunk, or single-crystal float zoned starting materials. The alloys were prepared with a nominal composition of Si0.747Ge0.187(GaP)0.016P0.034. The total oxygen concentration was measured in the starting materials, after 6 h of mechanical alloying in a helium environment, after hot pressing, and after a 3 h, 1100 °C heat treatment in fused silica ampoules. Alloys that contained oxygen levels in excess of 2.0 at. % exhibited low carrier mobility and low thermal conductivity, whereas those that contained less than 0.6 at. % oxygen possessed high mobility and thermal conductivity. The microstructure, as observed by optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy, was found to differ greatly with oxygen content as the low oxygen alloys showed relatively large, well-defined grains and the high oxygen alloys showed evidence of poor sintering and limited grain growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351702
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of induced anisotropy in amorphous Sm–Fe based thin films by field sputtering (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 5801-5803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Induced anisotropy with a large energy of 6×104 J/m3 is formed in an amorphous Sm–Fe based thin film by sputtering under an applied magnetic field of 500–600 Oe. The induced anisotropy results in a large anisotropy in magnetostriction, a strain anisotropy ratio reaching as high as 35, although intrinsic magnetostriction is affected only slightly. The large strain anisotropy allows one to realize a large strain in a particular direction and, hence, it is of significant practical importance. Induced anisotropy is also found to be formed by postannealing under applied magnetic field, but the magnitude of anisotropy energy formed is very small. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372527
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced in-plane anisotropy of Tb–Fe thin films by Sm addition (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 6244-6246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Effects of Sm on the magnetic and magnetostrictive properties of Tb–Fe thin films are investigated. Four alloy systems, RxFe100−x (R=Tb+Sm) with x=39.8, 41.9, 43.7, and 45.8, are examined with Sm content varied from 0 (Sm free) to 2.2 at. %. In-plane anisotropy is found to be enhanced by the addition of Sm and the strongest in-plane anisotropy occurs in the Sm content range of 1 to 2 at. % depending on R content. At low magnetic fields of 1000 Oe and below, magnetostriction increases significantly with increasing Sm content, and reaches a maximum at an intermediate Sm content where well-developed in-plane anisotropy is observed. At higher magnetic fields of 3000–5000 Oe, however, no substantial improvement of magnetostriction occurs with the addition of Sm. The Sm content dependences of magnetization and coercive force are also examined. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370234
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoelectric properties of Cu-doped dysprosium sesquisulfide (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 7899-7906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power (Seebeck coefficient), Hall effect, and thermal conductivity have been measured in Cux(Dy2S3)1−x compounds with the η-orthorhombic structure in the composition range 0.006≤x≤0.15 in order to determine their potential as high temperature (300–1000 °C) thermoelectric materials. In this temperature and composition range Cu-doped Dy2S3 behaves as a degenerate semiconductor and shows itinerant conduction. The electrical resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient increased with increasing temperature and reach a maximum value of 4.35–7.13 mΩ cm and −163 to −177 μV/°C, respectively, depending upon the Cu concentration. A maximum power factor of 7.9 μW/cm °C2 for the Cu0.039(Dy2S3)0.961 alloy was observed at 690 °C. The 300–1000 °C integrated average power factor shows that the optimum Cu-doping level in the Dy2S3 matrix is 5–7 at. %. The thermal conductivity of Cu0.039(Dy2S3)0.961 decreased with increasing temperature from 300 to 1000 °C and was governed by both electronic and lattice contributions up to 600 °C, but above 600 °C the electronic contribution is predominant. The 300–1000 °C integrated average thermal conductivity of Cu0.039(Dy2S3)0.961 is 18.38 mW/cm °C, which gives this material a maximum figure of merit Z of 0.440×10−3/°C at 800 °C. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357900
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Si80Ge20 thermoelectric alloys prepared with GaP additions (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5474-5480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Controlled amounts of GaP and P were added to a Si0.8Ge0.2 matrix by a powder-metallurgical technique in order to evaluate the optimum composition for thermoelectric applications. Bulk determination of the gallium and phosphorus content in fully dense, hot pressed compacts was performed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The transport properties of the compacts were characterized by Hall effect measurements at room temperature and by measurements of electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal diffusivity to 1000 °C. Considerable variation in the electrical transport properties were found to accompany changes in the Ga/P ratio, in the total amount of dopant, and changes in other preparation conditions. Alloys with gallium phosphide additions exhibit carrier concentrations higher than those obtained in alloys doped only with phosphorus. Alloys with a nominal phosphorus content greater than 2.0 at. % were found to be overdoped and those containing less than 0.6 at. % phosphorus were found to be underdoped relative to the material's maximum figure of merit. Room temperature electron mobilities greater than 40 cm2/V s were commonly obtained in samples with a carrier concentration of 3×1020 cm−3 or greater. A 300–1000 °C integrated average figure of merit (Z=S2/ρΛ) of 0.93×10−3 °C−1 was achieved within an optimum composition range of 0.8–1.2 at. % P and 0.6–0.8 mol % GaP, which is 20% higher than current n-type Si-Ge alloys doped with 0.59 at. % P as used in the Voyager, Galileo, and Ulysses missions. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359663
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe-Hf-C-N films : 38th Annual Confrerence on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5785-5787 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fe-Hf-C-N films with excellent soft magnetic properties were fabricated by Ar+N2 reactive sputtering for the first time. The newly developed films were found to have better soft magnetic properties than those of Fe-Hf-C or Fe-Hf-N films. The best magnetic properties achieved in this work are Hc of 0.15 Oe, μeff of 8200, and 4πMs of 17 kG. The thermal stability of the Fe-Hf-C-N films was also found to be excellent, e.g., Hc was less than 0.3 Oe and μeff was about 4000 for the films annealed up to 700 °C. It was observed by transmission electron microscopy that the films consisted of two phases: a fine crystalline α-Fe phase whose grain size is about 6 nm, and Hf(C,N) precipitates with a size of less than 2 nm. The fine grained α-Fe structures, together with finely dispersed Hf(C,N) precipitates, is considered to be one of the main factors for the excellent magnetic properties and thermal stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355562
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mach–Zehnder interferometer measurement of the Pockels effect in a poled polymer film with a coplanar electrode structure (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 3788-3790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mach–Zehnder interferometry was used to measure the Pockels effect in a poled electro-optic polymer thin film with a coplanar electrode structure. The beam at the sample arm of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer passed through a polymer thin film which had been spin-coated on top of a clear gap between two electrodes patterned on an optical substrate. This unique optical geometry enabled the Pockels coefficients of the poled electro-optic polymer film in the directions of the ordinary and the extraordinary optic axes to be determined independently. As an example, the tensor ratio r33/r13 for a stilbene-dye-doped polyimide guest/host polymer film was determined experimentally; the ratio turned out to be 4.6, which was higher than the value of 3 predicted by the thermodynamic model. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116999
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a Mach-Zehnder interferometry measurement of the Pockels coefficients in a poled polymer film with a reflection configuration (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 1848-1853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mach-Zehnder interferometry is employed to measure the Pockels coefficients in a poled thin polymer film, which serves as a reflection mirror in the sample arm of the interferometer. As a complete optical characterization of the electro-optic polymer film, the modulated light intensity of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is investigated as a function of the optical bias in the reference arm, the modulation voltage applied to the film, the polarization angle of the incident light, and the angle of incidence on the film. The Mach-Zehnder interferometry measurement of the Pockels coefficients in the reflection configuration has an advantage over single-beam polarization interferometry in permitting the independent determination of the Pockels tensor components, r13 and r33. Particularly, in a reflection configuration two-beam interferometric measurement, a proper consideration of the optical path change due to the refractive angle change is found to be critical in determining the absolute values of the Pockels coefficients. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366908
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of as-deposited Fe–Al–O alloy films (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 6262-6264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic and structural properties of as-sputtered nanocrystalline Fe–Al–O films, fabricated by a magnetron sputtering apparatus, are investigated as a function of the sputtering input power and the contents of Al and oxygen. A nanocrystalline Fe88.5Al3.5O8.0 film is found to have 4πMs of 18.2 kG, Hc of 0.6 Oe, μeff of 4600 up to 100 MHz. These excellent soft magnetic properties and high frequency characteristics result from nanocrystalline structure, high electrical resistivity, and moderate anisotropy field. These values are sufficient to apply to a high-density recording head. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372673
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stabilization of L-ascorbic acid in aqueous solution and water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion by controlling pH and electrolyte concentration (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 26 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study presents a new approach that can stabilize effectively l-ascorbic acid in water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions. Basically, the behavior of l-ascorbic acid in the aqueous phase was observed, considering its molecular deformation. Then, it was found that the stability determined in the aqueous phase by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the collapse of ionization of l-ascorbic acid played a crucial role in protecting the molecular deformation. Then, the stable aqueous system was incorporated into the internal aqueous phase of the double emulsions. From the PLC analysis, it was observed that the l-ascorbic acid in an appropriate system showed high molecular stability for a long time. Moreover, in the measurement of in vitro skin permeation, the l-ascorbic acid stabilized in this study showed considerable skin permeation ability, indicating its potential applicability in pharmaceutics and cosmetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0142-5463.2004.00223_1.x
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