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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Bowman's glands ; Sustentacular cells ; Goblet cells ; Nerve terminalsa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The mucus at the surface of the olfactory mucosa constitutes the milieu in which perireceptor events associated with olfactory transduction occur. In this review, the ultrastructure of olfactory mucus and of the secretory cells that synthesize and secrete olfactory mucus in the vertebrate olfactory mucosa is described. Bowman's glands are present in the olfactory mucosa of all vertebrates except fish. They consist of acini, which may contain mucous or serous cells or both, and ducts that traverse the olfactory epithelium to deliver secretions to the epithelial surface. Sustentacular cells are present in the olfactory epithelium of all vertebrates. In fish, amphibia, reptiles, and birds, they are secretory; in mammals, they generally are considered to be “nonsecretory,” although they may participate in the regulation of the mucous composition through micropinocytotic secretion and uptake. Goblet cells occur in the olfactory epithelium of fish and secrete a mucous product.Secretion from Bowman's glands and vasomotor activity in the olfactory mucosa are regulated by neural elements extrinsic to the primary olfactory neurons. Nerve fibers described in early anatomical studies and characterized by immunohistochemical studies contain a variety of neuroactive peptides and have several targets within the olfactory mucosa. Ultrastructural studies of nerve terminals in the olfactory mucosa have demonstrated the presence of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic input to glands, blood vessels, and melanocytes in the lamina propria and of peptidergic terminals in the olfactory epithelium. The neural origins of the extrinsic nerve fibers and terminals are the trigeminal, terminal, and autonomic systems. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sugar residues ; Mucomicrovillar complex ; Mucociliary complex ; Vomeronasal neuroepithelium ; Olfactory epithelium ; Septal receptor neurons ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The localization of α-D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine sugar residues of glycoconjugates in the vomeronasal organ, olfactory mucosa, and septal organ in the nasal mucosae of rats was investigated using lectinohistochemical techniques combined with bright-field, epifluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Glycoconjugates in the mucomicrovillar complex of the vomeronasal organ contained all the sugar residues investigated, whereas glycoconjugates in the mucociliary complex of the olfactory mucosa and septal organ contained only N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Vomeronasal receptor neurons expressed glycoconjugates with terminal α-D-galactose and β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, whereas olfactory and septal receptor neurons expressed glycoconjugates with only N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. Secretory granules of glands of the vomeronasal organ contained glycoconjugates with terminal α-D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, whereas those of the Bowman's glands and glands of septal organ contained glycoconjugates with only internal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. The results demonstrate that the glycoconjugates expressed by vomeronasal receptor neurons and glands contain terminal α-D-galactose and β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sugar residues that are not expressed by analogous cells in the olfactory mucosa and septal organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Sugar residues ; Mucomicrovillar complex ; Mucociliary complex ; Vomeronasal neuroepithelium ; Olfactory epithelium ; Septal receptor neurons ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The localization of α-D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine sugar residues of glycoconjugates in the vomeronasal organ, olfactory mucosa, and septal organ in the nasal mucosae of rats was investigated using lectinohistochemical techniques combined with bright-field, epifluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Glycoconjugates in the mucomicrovillar complex of the vomeronasal organ contained all the sugar residues investigated, whereas glycoconjugates in the mucociliary complex of the olfactory mucosa and septal organ contained only N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Vomeronasal receptor neurons expressed glycoconjugates with terminal α-D-galactose and β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, whereas olfactory and septal receptor neurons expressed glycoconjugates with only N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. Secretory granules of glands of the vomeronasal organ contained glycoconjugates with terminal α-D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, whereas those of the Bowman's glands and glands of septal organ contained glycoconjugates with only internal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. The results demonstrate that the glycoconjugates expressed by vomeronasal receptor neurons and glands contain terminal α-D-galactose and β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sugar residues that are not expressed by analogous cells in the olfactory mucosa and septal organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Secretory compoenets of the salamander olfactory mucosa, sustentacular cells (SC), and Bowman's glands (BG), were examined histologically and histochemically. In the aquatic larval salamander, SC in sensory grooves contained secretory granules; the submucosa contained a single layer of homogeneous, ductless glands. In the land-dwelling adult salamander, SC spanning a flat epithelial sheet contained vesicles. Subjacent to the epithelium in both dorsal and ventral mucosae lay BG whose ducts opened at the surface of the epithelium. In the ventral mucosa, two additional layers of olfactory glands (OG) lying below the BG were identified; ducts were not observed in association with the OG. The β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol caused depletion of secretory granules from BG and OG of larval, young, and adult salamanders but had no discernible effect on SC. Histochemical techniques (Alcianblue at pH 2.5 and pH 1.0, high-iron diamine, and the periodic acid-Schiff reaction) demonstrated that SC contained neutral, acidic, and small amounts of sulfated mucopolysaccharides (MPS). BG and OG contained only neutral MPS. In contrast, glands under adjacent respiratory epithelium contained both acidic and sulfated MPS. Unilateral olfactory nerve section (ONX) caused changes in the histochemical reactivity of acidic and sulfated MPS in SC on the ipsilateral and later on the contralateral side. Neutral MPS staining became enhanced first in the OG that lay under the BG, then in BG cells, and later in the deepest OG layer. Ipsilateral changes preceded contralateral ones. At 24 days post-ONX, some acinar cells in the deep OG contained acidic but not sulfated MPS.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 221 (1988), S. 769-779 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural characteristics of five morphologically distinct regions of sustentacular cells in the salamander olfactory mucosa are described. 1) The apical region was characterized by a microvillar surface that lay below the level of the olfactory knob of olfactory receptor neurons and contained endosome-like vesicles and a filamentous array at the level of the zonula adherens. 2) The supranuclear region contained rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi complex, and secretory vesicles. Few sustentacular cells showed morphological signs of secretion, suggesting a low rate of baseline secretory activity. 3) The nuclear region contained the cylindrical nucleus surrounded by a thin band of cytoplasm containing bundles of filaments. 4) The central stalk contained filamentous arrays, Golgi-like cisternae, multivesicular bodies, and peroxisomes. Cytoplasmic veils that extended from the central stalk contained filamentous aggregates. 5) The basilar expansion had a complex series of lateral and basal folds. The lateral folds enveloped extracellular material and nonmyelinated axons of the receptor neurons. The basal folds formed complex interdigitations with the basal lamina, particularly in regions occupied by blood vessels and the acini of Bowman's glands in the subjacent lamina propria. These characteristics, and the presence of endosome-like vesicles and mitochondria, suggest that the basilar expansion is metabolically active and participates in cellular transport of material. Treatment with the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine caused ultrastructural changes in the apical and supranuclear regions that were associated with secretion and in the basilar expansion region that were indicative of an increase in metabolic and transport activity.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pharmacological and ultrastructural methods were used to demonstrate alpha-adrenergic regulation of secretory granule content of acinar cells of Bowman's glands and to localize and identify adrenergic and cholinergic axonal varicosities and terminals in the olfactory mucosa of the tiger salamander.The alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine caused secretory granule depletion from Bowman's glands; the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine partially blocked this effect. These observations were quantified using light microscopic computer-assisted morphometric techniques. Both drugs caused morphological signs of electrolye/water transport.Adrenergic axonal varicosities were identified by the presence of small granular vesicles (SGVs, 45-60 nm in diameter) containing electron-dense material that was enhanced by 5-hydroxydopamine loading and chromaffin reaction fixation techniques. Throughout the lamina propria, small fascicles with axons containing SGVs as well as varicosities and terminals with SGVs were located adjacent to blood vessels, Bowman's gland acini, and melanocytes. Mean vesicle diameters at these sites were 54 ± 7 nm, 50 = 9 nm, and 56 ± 8 nm, respectively; varicosities were located approximately 0.1-1.0 μm from their presumed cellular targets. Axonal varicosities containing small agranular vesicles (AGVs, 65 ± 8 nm in diameter), identified as cholinergic by their size and by the absence of electron-dense material after 5-hydroxydopamine loading and chromaffin reaction fixation, were located between adjacent acinar cells. In addition, adrenergic varicosities containing SGVs (56 ± 6 nm in diameter) were found within 1 μm of blood vessels associated with Bowman's gland ducts and sustentacular cells near the base of the olfactory epithelium.These results characterize the ultrastructural basis for adrenergic and cholinergic regulation of vasomotor tone and secretion within the olfactory mucosa.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 229 (1991), S. 525-544 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lectin histochemistry at the light microscope level was used to determine the distribution of sugar residues in secretory cells of the olfactory mucosae of salamander, hamster, and mouse. Differences in sugar composition and distribution of glycoconjugates found in sustentacular cells and acinar cells of Bowman's glands of these three animals were characterized.Oligosaccharides in secretory products of sustentacular cells in salamander olfactory mucosa contained sialic acid, galactose (Gal), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, and mannose residues. Glycoconjugates of these cells lacked terminal galactosyl-β-(1,3)N-acetylgalactose (Galβ1,3GalNAc) residues. The sequences Galβ1,3GalNAc, N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1,4GlcNAc), and GalNAc were penultimate to sialic acid residues. Sustentacular cells of mouse and hamster did not appear to contain O-linked oligosac-charides but stained for mannose-containing N-linked oligosaccharides.Glycoconjugates of acinar and duct cells of Bowman's glands in the salamander, hamster, and mouse contained variable amounts of β(1,4)GlcNAc residues, and terminal N-acetyllactosamine, Galβ1,3GalNAc, and GalNAc residues. In the salamander, glycoconjugates of acinar cells possessed terminal GlcNAc residues but were not sialylated, while those of hamster and mouse generally stained for sialic acid but did not possess terminal GlcNAc residues. Secretory products of a subpopulation of rodent acinar cells also contained penultimate Galβ1,3GalNAc residues. Staining for sialic acid, Gal, GalNAc, and GlcNAc in glycoconjugates of rodents was often limited to a sub-population of Bowman's glands. This was especially noticeable in the mouse.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 231 (1991), S. 358-374 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the cellular distribution of components of the secretory immune system, including secretory immunoglobulin, secretory piece, and J chain, as well as other immunoglobulins and nonspecific defense factors in the olfactory mucosae of salamanders and rats.In the salamander, secretory immunoglobulin M, and J chain were localized in duct and acinar cells of Bowman's glands, in B lymphocytes, and in sustentacular cells in immature regions of the olfactory mucosa. Lactoferrin and lysozyme were also present in Bowman's glands, in sustentacular cells in immature regions of the olfactory mucosa, and in blood cells in the lamina propria. Olfactory nerve section resulted in the presence of increased numbers of secretory immunoglobulin-immunoreactive B lymphocytes and in an altered distribution of IgM, secretory piece, and lactoferrin.In the rat, secretory immunoglobulin A and J chain were localized in duct and acinar cells of Bowman's glands and in B lymphocytes in the lamina propria. Secretory piece could be demonstrated in Bowman's glands only in rats that had a prior viral infection. Other defense factors, localized in the lamina propria, included IgG in the connective tissue stroma and in B lymphocytes, IgD-immunore-active B lymphocytes, and IgE-immunoreactive cells that were identified as mucosal mast cells. Lactoferrin and lysozyme were present in serous acinar cells of Bowman's glands and in blood cells.These results demonstrate that the olfactory mucosa is protected from pathogenic invasion by the secretory immune system as well as other immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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