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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 25 (1996), S. 495-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; transsexualism ; gender dysphoria ; gender identity disorder ; birth order ; sibling sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two studies were undertaken to confirm the previous findings that homosexual men in general tend to have a later than expected birth order and that extremely feminine homosexual men also tend to have a higher than expected proportion of brothers (i.e. a highersibling sex ratio). Subjects in Study 1 were Dutch, adult and adolescent, biological male patients with gender dysphoria (persistent and recurrent desires to belong to the opposite sex), who were undergoing treatment with feminizing hormones. These comprised 83 patients who reported sexual attraction to other males (the homosexual group) and 58 who reported sexual attraction to females or equal attraction to males and females (the nonhomosexual group). Subjects in Study 2 were Dutch adolescent male patients at another hospital. The homosexual group consisted of 21 gender-dysphoric homosexual teenagers referred to a gender identity clinic for children and adolescents. The control group were 21 adolescent males referred to the child psychiatry department of the same hospital for reasons other than gender identity disorder, homosexuality, or transvestism. These were individually matched to the homosexual subjects on age and sibship size. In both studies, the homosexual group had a significantly later average birth order than the comparison group. In Study 1, the homosexual group had a significantly elevated sibling sex ratio; this was not tested in Study 2 because of its small sample size. These studies add to the mounting evidence that late birth orders are common to all homosexual samples and that elevated sibling sex ratios are an additional characteristic of extremely feminine ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437544
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A test of the maternal stress theory of human male homosexuality (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 20 (1991), S. 277-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: maternal stress ; sexual orientation ; etiology ; homosexuality ; familiality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Both the neurohormonal theory of sexual orientation and previous research on humans and animals suggest that male homosexuality may arise from prenatal stress during the brain's sexual differentiation. Stress-proneness and retrospective reports of stress during pregnancy were obtained from mothers of male and female heterosexuals, bisexuals, and homosexuals. Each mother also rated pregnancy stress for a heterosexual sibling of the subject. For males, neither between-family nor within-family analyses revealed a maternal stress effect for either sexual orientation or childhood gender nonconformity. However, mothers of effeminate children reported more stress-proneness than other mothers. Male homosexuality nevertheless was strongly familial, suggesting a reconsideration of genetic and familial environmental mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541847
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity in homosexuals and heterosexuals (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 22 (1993), S. 461-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; gender nonconformity ; sexual orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Homosexual and heterosexual subjects provided self-ratings of childhood gender nonconformity. Additionally, their mother rated them on several adjectives describing childhood behavior, which included words related to gender nonconformity. Male homosexuals were remembered by their mothers as less masculine and more nonathletic. This finding did not appear to be due to a bias in mothers' memories. Though female homosexuals were recalled as more masculine than female heterosexuals, this appeared to reflect retrospective bias, as mothers who knew of their daughters' homosexuality were more likely to rate them as masculine. Both self-rated and maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity made independent contributions in predicting sexual orientation. Within the homosexual samples, maternal and self-ratings of subjects' childhood gender nonconformity failed to correlate significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01542559
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retrospectively measured individual differences in childhood sex-typed behavior among gay men: Correspondence between self- and maternal reports (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 24 (1995), S. 613-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; memory ; masculinity-femininity ; gender nonconformity ; sexual orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Male sexual orientation is strongly associated with childhood sex-typed behavior, but there are also marked within-orientation differences. Gay men show increased variance compared to heterosexual men on retrospective measures of childhood sex-typed behavior. Individual differences among gay men for their degree of sex-typed behavior may have important implications. However, there has been little attention given to the reliability or validity of retrospective measures of such differences that are most common. Gay men and their mothers completed questionnaires assessing the men's sex-typicality during childhood. Results of structural modeling analyses found that mothers' and sons' reports were significantly associated, both regarding the general level of sex-typed behavior and the specific behaviors, supporting the validity of retrospectively measured individual differences for those characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01542183
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular networks from explants of human synovialis in vitroSupported in part by grant AM-02520 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NIH Bethesda, Maryland, and by private funds from Southwestern Clinic & Research Institute, Inc. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 147 (1963), S. 525-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Explants of human synovialis obtained surgically were cultivated under dialysis membrane in the multipurpose Rose chamber and in Eagle's medium enriched with 20% pooled human cord sera. Within 24 hours monocytes and lymphocytic cells emerged from the majority of explants while spindle and stellate cells appeared later on the second and third days of culture. A monolayer of cells developed in which active mitosis was observed. Between 12 to 15 days, fingerlike projections of cells adjacent to the explants branched out between the cover glass and the monolayer of mesenchymelike growth and by the twenty-fifth day had developed into anastomosing networks eventually ranging in length from 1.2 to 3.2 mm. Ciné and still phase photomicrographs decumented findings. Vascular networks developed in vitro in 85% of the total 80 Rose chambers examined over an average period of 58 days. Minute vessels, patent for only short distances, were lined with endothelial cells characterized by slender elongated nuclei and with two or three small nucleoli. In contrast, flanking fibroblasts were considerably larger with clear oval nuclei containing conspicuous nucleoli. Differential stains demonstrated reticular fibers and distinct bundles of collagen lying along the vessels, particularly in the area adjacent to the fragment. In the study of rheumatoid arthritis, where vascular lesions are known to occur, it is possible that such preparations may provide favorable test objects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091470407
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cold shock and phospholipase A2 on intact boar spermatozoa and sperm head plasma membranes (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 26 (1990), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Fertility ; Ca2+ uptake ; Head plasma membrane ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Head plasma membranes (HPM) isolated from cryopreserved boar spermatozoa show an excessive fluidization (Buhr et al., Gamete Res 23:441-449, 1989), which might be involved in the loss of fertility. The current study assessed the ability of cold shock (5°C) and phospholipase A2 (PA2) to duplicate these effects on membrane structure and to affect 45Ca2+ uptake and gross morphological characteristics of whole, fresh boar sperm. The HPM from cold-shocked sperm showed a significantly greater rate of fluidization over time than did HPM from control sperm. Addition of PA2 (bee or snake venom, 0.1 or 10.0 ng/ml) to HPM from control sperm caused fluidization similar to cold shocking, but to a lesser degree (P 〈 0.05). Cold-shocked intact sperm exhibited severe acrosomal disruption, loss of motility, and increased 45Ca2+ uptake relative to control sperm. Addition of PA2 (bee or snake venom, 0.1, 1.0., 10.0, and 1,000 ng/ml) to control sperm had not effect on gross morphology or motility while maintaining or increasing sperm extrusion of 45Ca2+. Therefore, although PA2 can, to some extent, duplicate the effects of cold shock on HPM molecular organization, its lipid hydrolytic action is insufficient to cause all the gross disruptions of severe thermal shock. Both PA2 and cold shock disrupted HPM structure, but only cold shock increased 45Ca2+ uptake, suggesting that cold shock may be increasing 45Ca2+ uptake in areas other than the head. Cold shock disrupts sperm on three levels; membrane molecular organization, intracellular Ca2+ regulation, and gross morphology/motility.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080260208
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ethanol dehydration and critical point drying on fish tissue culture cell membrane elemental composition by scanning electron microscopy/X-ray microanalysis (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 259-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280310
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of semen preservation on boar spermatozoa head membranes (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 23 (1989), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: boar ; spermatozoa ; membrane fluidity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Head plasma membranes were isolated from the sperm-rich fraction of boar semen and from sperm-rich semen that had been subjected to three commercial preservation processes: Ex tended for fresh insemination (extended), prepared for freezing but not frozen (cooled), and stored frozen for 3-5 weeks (frozen-thawed). Fluorescence polarization was used to determine fluidity of the membranes of all samples for 160 min at 25°C and also for membranes from the sperm-rich and extended semen during cooling and reheating (25 to 5 to 40°C, 0.4°C/min). Head plasma membranes from extended semen were initially more fluid than from other sources (P 〈 0.05). Fluidity of head membranes from all sources decreased at 25°C, but the rate of decrease was significantly lower for membranes from cooled and lower again for membranes from frozen-thawed semen. Cooling to 5°C reduced the rate of fluidity change for plasma membranes from the spernvrich fraction, while heating over 30°C caused a signifi cantly greater decrease. The presence of Ca++ (10 mM) lowered the fluidity of the head plasma membranes from sperm-rich and extended semen over time at 25°C but did not affect the membranes from the cooled or frozen-thawed semen. The change in head plasma membrane fluidity at 25°C may reflect the dynamic nature of spermatozoa membranes prior to fertilization. Extenders, preservation processes and temperature changes have a strong influence on head plasma membrane fluidity and therefore the molecular organization of this membrane.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120230409
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