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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (6)
  • Cervical spine  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Biomécanique ; Rachis cervical ; Fracture de l'odontoïde ; Stabilité ; Ostéosynthèse de l'odontoïde par vis ; Biomechanics ; Cervical spine ; Odontoid fracture ; Stability ; Odontoid screw fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fresh odontoid fractures of types II and III and in some cases nonunions of the odontoid can be repaired by direct anterior screw fixation preserving C1–C2 motion. The goal of this experimental study was to investigate the biomechanical stability of the fragment achieved by this direct odontoid osteosynthesis according to Böhler. Sixteen human C1–C2 segments with fractures of type II or type III were biomechanically tested in vitro under standardized conditions. Flexion and extension moments, anterior and posterior shear forces were applied, and the motion of the refixed odontoid fragment relative to C2 was determined. The results show that direct screw fixation of the odontoid under the experimental conditions provides sufficient stability for the dens fragment.
    Notes: Résumé Les fractures fraîches de l'odontoïde de type II et III et certains cas de pseudarthrose de l'odontoïde peuvent être réparés par une ostéosynthèse antérieure directe préservant la mobilité C1–C2. Le but de cette étude expérimentale était d'explorer la stabilité biomécanique permise par cette ostéosynthèse directe de l'odontoïde selon Böhler. 16 segments C1–C2 présentant des fractures de type II et III ont été testés in vitro dans des conditions bien définies. On a appliqué des moments de flexion et d'extension et des forces de cisaillement antérieur et postérieur et l'on a déterminé la mobilité du fragment odontoïdien refixé par rapport à C2. Les résultats ont montré que la fixation directe par vissage de l'odontoïde assure dans les conditions expérimentales une stabilité suffisante au fragment odontoïdien.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Biomécanique ; Rachis cervical ; Fracture de l'odontoïde ; Instabilité atlanto-axoïdienne ; Arthrodèse atlanto-axoïdienne postérieure ; Biomechanics ; Cervical spine ; Odontoid fracture ; Atlantoaxial instability ; Posterior atlantoaxial fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Unstable C1-C2 segments are generally treated surgically. Depending on the indication a direct screw fixation of the odontoid or a C1-C2 arthrodesis is a possible technique. In this experimental in vitro study the three different atlantoaxial fusion techniques by Gallie, Brooks, and Magerl were compared biomechanically. Sixteen human C1-C2 segments with odontoid fractures of type II and III were investigated under standardized conditions. Flexion and extension moments, anterior, and posterior shear forces, left and right torsional moments were applied, and the motion of C1 relative to C2 was determined. The results of this investigation show clearly that the segments treated with the technique by Magerl with transarticular screws achieved the highest stiffness, compared to the wiring methods of Brooks and Gallie. These differences were most evident for posterior shear forces and for torsional moments. For these load conditions the ratio of stiffness Magerl: Brooks: Gallie was about 10:2:1. Significant differences for the plastic deformation of the differently fixed C1-C2 segments were found within the first few load/unload cycles, which give information about the relationship between primary and long-term stability.
    Notes: Résumé L'instabilité C1-C2 est le plus souvent traitée chirurgicalement. Selon l'indication, peuvent être proposées soit une ostéosynthèse par vissage direct de l'odontoïde, soit une arthrodèse C1-C2. Dans cette étude expérimentale in vitro, on a comparé au plan biomécanique, les trois différentes techniques d'arthrodèse atlanto-axoïdiennes, selon Gallie, Brooks et Magerl. 16 segments C1-C2 présentant des fractures de type II et III ont été testés in vitro dans des conditions bien définies. On a appliqué des moments de flexion et d'extension, des forces de cisaillement antérieur et postérieur et des moments de torsion vers la droite et vers la gauche, et l'on a analysé la mobilité de C1-C2. Les résultats de cette investigation ont clairement démontré que les segments traités par la technique de Magerl avec des vis transarticulaires, présentaient la plus grande rigidité, en comparaison des méthodes de cerclage de Brooks et de Gallie. Ces différences étaient plus évidentes dans le cas du cisaillement postérieur et de la torsion. Dans ces conditions de contrainte, le rapport de rigidité Magerl/Brooks/Gallie était de 10/2/1. Des différences significatives de déformation plastique ont été retrouvées entre les différentes fixations C1-C2 au cours des premiers cycles de mise en charge et décharge, qui renseignent sur la relation entre la stabilité primaire et à long terme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Viscoses prepared from untreated pulp and from pulp pretreated by high-energy radiation were rheologically examined. The results are discussed with regard to the state of solution of the viscoses. It turned out to be possible, when preparing the viscose from pretreated pulp, to reduced the addition of CS2 to a level below 30% (in relation to cellulose) without deteriorating the state of solution of the viscose.
    Notes: Viskosen aus unbehandeltem und strahlenvorbehandeltem Zellstoff wurden rheologisch untersucht. Die Meßergebnisse werden hinsichtlich des Lösungszustandes der Viskose diskutiert. Es zeight sich, daß bei den Viskosen aus strahlenvorbehandeltem Zellstoff eine Verminderung des CS2-Einsatzes bei der Viskoseherstellung bis auf Werte unter 30% CS2 (Bezogen auf Cellulose) möglich ist, ohne den Lösungszustand der Viskose zu verschlechtern.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The principles of fibre formation in the wet spinning process are investigated by means of rheological measurements. The 1st normal stress difference of technologically important shear rates is determined from the die swell of a freely emerging viscose jet. Moreover, the Barus swell of a viscose jet extruded into spinning bath as well as the rheological strength as a function of the spin-draw ratio of the filament were determined. The load-elongation diagram resulting from the deformation of the jet is shown to be essential for the stability of the spinning process.
    Notes: Grundlagen der Fadenbildung beim Naßspinnprozeß werden an Hand rheologischer Messungen untersucht. Dazu wird die 1. Normalspannungsdifferenz für betrieblich relevante Schergeschwindigkeiten aus der Strahlaufweitung eines frei austretenden Viskosestrahls ermittelt. Des weiteren werden die Barusaufweitung eines in ein Spinnbad extrudierten Viskosestrahls sowie die rheologische Kraft in Abhängigkeit von Verzug des Fadens bestimmt und das aus der Strahlverformung resultierende Beanspruchungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm als wesentlich für die Spinnstabilität begründet.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The notion of the reactivity of dissolving pulps, which is used to explain differences in the chemical behaviour during subsequent processing to viscose, was characterized by the molecular weight distribution of cellulose, 13C-NMR investigations of the pulp, determination of the clogging value of the viscose when using reduced CS2 quantities, and distribution of the xanthate groups. Three possibilities for enhancing the reactivity of dissolving pulps are demonstrated: Pretreatment of pulp with electron-rays prior to processing of viscose, enhanced delignification of the pulp during discontinuous cooking, and energy-intensified hi-heat washing during continuous cooking permit the production of pulps having higher reactivity.
    Notes: Die Reaktivität von Chemiefaserzellstoffen, die zur Erklärung der Unterschiede im chemischen Verhalten bei der Verarbeitung zu Viskose herangezogen wird, wurde durch die Molmassenverteilung der Cellulose, durch 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen des Zellstoffs, Bestimmung des Filterwertes der Viskose bei reduziertem CS2-Einsatz und durch die Verteilung der Xanthatgruppen charakterisiert. Drei Möglichkeiten zur Erhöhung der Reaktivität des Zellstoffs werden aufgezeigt: Die Behandlung des Zellstoffs mit Elektronenstrahlen vor der Verarbeitung zu Viskose, die stärkere Delignifizierung des Zellstoffs bei der diskontinuierlichen Kochung und die energieintensivierte Hi-Heat-Wäsche.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 3 (1979), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development of plastics with improved flame retardant properties is going through a phase of stagnation. Fire test concepts are following a new direction and the serial tests currently used do not adequately tie up with the development objective of reducing fire risks. In the short term no improvement in this situation is expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The stabilization of the spinning process and the optimization of the production process require information on the rheological behaviour of the spinning solution. Measurement results of the influence of polymer content and average degree of polymerization on the viscoelastic behaviour of cellulose xanthate solutions (viscose solutions) on industrial conditions are presented. Besides, results in connection with the stability of the spinning process considering the cohesive fracture are discussed.
    Notes: Die Stabilisierung des Spinnprozesses sowie die Optimierung des Produktionsprozesses erfordern spezifische Aussagen zum rheologischen Verhalten der Spinnlösung. Meßergebnisse über den Einfluß von Polymergehalt und Durchschnittspolymerisationsgrad auf das viskoelastische Verhalten von Cellulosexanthogenat-Lösungen (Viskoselösungen) bei betriebsnahen Beanspruchungen werden mitgeteilt und die Ergebnisse im Zusammenhang mit der Stabilität des Spinnprozesses unter Berücksichtigung des kohäsiven Bruchs diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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