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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ueber die Constitution der organischen Säuren u. s. w.Fortsetzung von Bd. XIX. 312. (1840)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 20 (1840), S. 273-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.18400200143
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative cytology of the sperm cells of Brassica campestris and B. oleracea (1987)
    Springer
    Planta 170 (1987), S. 446-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Brassica (sperm cell) ; Cytoplasmic inheritance ; Double fertilization ; Mitochondrion ; Pollen ; Vegetative nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen grains of Brassica campestris L. var. acephala DC and B. oleracea L. were serially sectioned and examined using transmission electron microscopy to determine the three-dimensional organization of sperm cells within the microgametophyte and the quantity of membrane-bound organelles occurring within each cell. Sperm cells occur in pairs within each pollen grain, but are dimorphic, differing in size, morphology and mitochondrial content. The larger of the two sperm cells (Svn) is distinguished by the presence of a blunt evagination, which in B. oleracea wraps around and lies within shallow furrows on the vegetative nucleus and in B. campestris can penetrate through internal enclaves of the vegetative nucleus. This sperm cell contains more mitochondria in both species than the second sperm cell (Sua). This latter cell is linked to the first by a common cell junction with the S vn, but is not associated with the vegetative nucleus and lacks a cellular evagination. Such differences are indicative of a system of cytoplasmic heterospermy in which sperm cells possess significantly different quantities of mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402978
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative, three-dimensional ultrastructure of isolated corn (Zea mays) sperm cells (1990)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 153 (1990), S. 136-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic inheritance ; Organelle distribution ; Preferential fertilization ; In vitro fertilization ; Zea mays pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five isolatedZea mays sperm cells, taken from the same population as used for a previous morphometric study, were serially ultrathin sectioned and computer-reconstructed to yield three-dimensional images as well as quantitative data. All cells were found to be essentially spherical and to contain a full complement of cell constituents except plastids and microtubules. The nuclei of three cells were highly curved into a “C” or “V” shape while the other two nuclei were not curved, but were more spherical to disc shaped. The three curved nuclei were heterochromatic in appearance, the other two were more euchromatic. Mitochondria were closely associated with the nuclei, were predominately in the form of large, variously shaped complexes, and ranged in number from 7 to approximately 74 per cell. Dictyosomes tended not to be close to the nucleus and ranged in number from 6 to 23 per cell. The endoplasmic reticulum was similarly not typically associated with the nucleus, and varied from extensive sheet-like areas to small membranous whorls. In addition to confirming the findings of previous studies on isolated corn sperm cells and providing new three-dimensional and distribution data, the results of the present work underscore the existence of a high degree of morphological variability amongZea mays sperm cells of a population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01353997
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the early post-fertilization megagametophyte ofPopulus deltoides (1990)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 155 (1990), S. 153-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic inheritance ; Female germ unit ; Fertilization ; Gametic fusion mechanisms ; Male gamete ; Populus ; Synergid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gynoecia ofPopulus deltoides, 48 to 60 h after pollination, were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The mature megagametophyte contains two synergids, an egg cell, a central cell with two unfused polar nuclei and three antipodals. Pollen tube passage between cells in the styloid, on the placenta and through the micropyle does not induce degeneration of surrounding cells. Pollen tube entry into the megagametophyte occurs through the degenerated synergid immediately adjacent to the filiform apparatus. The tube grows the length of the filiform apparatus 20–30 μm into the synergid, and then discharges its contents-two sperm cells, the vegetative nucleus, and pollen tube cytoplasm. Sperm cells appear progressively hypertrophied during their passage in the pollen tube. In the degenerate synergid, the sperm nucleus is located at one end of the cell and the remaining cytoplasm is diffuse, containing a large vacuole. Following transmission of sperm nuclei into the egg and central cell, one male nucleus fuses with the egg and the other fuses with the micropylar polar nucleus. Enucleate cytoplasmic bodies of apparent sperm origin were observed within the degenerated synergid. The gametic fusion mechanism in this plant appears to involve: (1) eccentric positioning of the nucleus within the sperm cell, (2) separation of cytoplasmic and nuclear portions of the sperm cell, and (3) fusion of the nuclear portion with the egg cell. This represents a previously undescribed mechanism by which male cytoplasmic organelles are eliminated from sperm cells prior to fusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322625
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature effect on the stereoelective polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 2225-2231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chiral cadmium thiolates of cysteine with cyclohexyl or (-)menthyl ester groups were prepared and compared with similar compounds (with isopropyl or methyl ester groups) as initiators for stereospecific polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase. The resulting polymers are highly isotactic and in all cases stereoelection can be reversed with a small change in polymerization temperature. This temperature effect permitted to differentiate two stages in the polymerization corresponding to the formation of a precursor and to that of a high polymer, respectively.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1981.021820812
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of cocatalysts in polymerizations initiated with benzyl derivatives of transition metals, 1. Polymerization of ethylene (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 1389-1395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of ethylene initiated in naphta solution by Zr(CH2C6H5)4 at 200°C under high purity conditions showed a cocatalytic effect of water with a maximum rate for a mole ratio H2O/Zr close to 0,1. No activity was observed for the hypothetical compound (C6H5CH2)3ZrOZr(CH2C6H5)3. Ethylene polymerization was also initiated with supported catalysts obtained by reaction of Zr(CH2C6H5)4 with silicium oxide or pre-dried aluminium oxide with an increase of activity (by a factor of 5). The resulting polyethylenes were found to be virtually linear with 1,5 CH3 groups for 1000 C atoms and with melting points of 134 - 136,5°C. They have high molecular weights with very broad distribution. These results were interpreted by a mechanism involving Ziegler-like active centers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1983.021840707
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereospecific polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase, 4. Solvent effect on stereospecificity and enantioasymmetry (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1015-1025 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The living stereospecific polymerization of methylthiirane initiated by a chiral cadmium compound was run in different solvents. The general features of the mechanism of stereoregulation are the same as in bulk. In heptane and in heptane/propylene carbonate mixtures, the stereospecificity of the reaction does not depend on monomer concentration and on the dielectric constant ε of the medium. This independence of stereospecificity is in agreement with the absence of a variation of the complexation constant between a model cadmium derivative and the monomer with the variation of ε in a large range. The enantioasymmetric process depends on the molecular weight of the chain bearing the active sites. A change from diastereoisomeric to enantiomeric forms of active sites occurs for molecular weights around 50000. The enantioasymmetric constant depends on the nature of the medium and we observed a Born law for the dependence of the enantioasymmetric constant versus reciprocal dielectric constant: log kR ∝ 1/ε. This effect can be explained by a variation of the reactivities of the two types of active sites and occurs without a change in their relative amounts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940324
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereospecific polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase, 1. Oligomerization step and change in stereocontrol with molecular weight (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 1317-1326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase initiated by bis(isopropylcysteinato)cadmium is a living process. For low conversions, oligomers (essentially heptamers and octamers) are formed, apparently using one valency of cadmium, the main propagation taking place by using the other one. However, the size of the oligomers may still grow for higher conversions. The mechanism of the oligomer formation depends on the temperature. A “normal” insertion of the monomer is observed at -23°C, whereas at 20°C a disulfide bond is formed. The preferential choice of a different enantiomer in the main propagation reaction may depend on the presence of a particular type of oligomer, in the vicinity of cadmium, linked to the cysteine group. However, stereospecificity (stereoselection and stereoelection) appears only with molecular weights higher than 6000 and also depends on the temperature of propagation: with decreasing temperature, the stereoregularity increases and the stereoelection can be inverted (for a definite oligomer structure).
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1984.021850705
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereospecific polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase, 3.Part 2: cf. ref. 6 Study of the enantioasymmetric process (1993)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1003-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Enantioasymmetry was studied for polymerizations of methylthiirane initiated by bis(isopropyl-S-cysteinato)cadmium and run in bulk. The ratio of rates of consumption of the two antipodes is independent of their concentrations. The enantioasymmetric constant kR, measuring the preferential choice of the R-antipode, is depending on both the relative number of the two types of active sites and on their reactivities. An effect on enantioasymmetry of the molecular weight of the growing chains bearing the active sites, is occurring with two distinct stages: The first one is observed, with an enantioasymmetric constant kR = 1,5, from the appearance of stereospecificity up to molecular weights of 35000 (for the main chain) and the second one with kR = 1,07 for molecular weights higher than 35000. In the first stage, the cysteinato end group of the oligomer chain remains linked to cadmium (by cadmium-nitrogen complexation) and the two active sites are diastereoisomers having different reactivities. In the second stage, the macrocyclic oligomer becomes too large and cadmium-nitrogen interaction is suppressed. The active sites are now enantiomers having the same reactivity. In this case, enantioasymmetry depends only on the unbalance between the amounts of the two types of active sites. The maximum size the macrocyclic oligomer can reach depends on the initiator concentration.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1993.021940323
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereospecific polymerization of methylthiirane in homogeneous phase, 2.Part 1: cf. ref.3. Mechanism of stereoregulation (1992)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 193 (1992), S. 1709-1721 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In the living polymerization of methylthiirane initiated with bis(isopropyl-(S)-cysteinato)-cadmium, stereospecificity depends on temperature of propagation, on initiator concentration and also on the length of the growing polymer chain. The kinetics of stereospecific and non-stereospecific processes are described. In both cases, the order with respect to monomer is equal to zero and that with respect to initiator is one-half. The stereospecific propagation is proposed to involve cadmium thiolates associated as “dimeric species” and coordinated by both the monomer and by an oligomeric or polymeric chain.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1992.021930714
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