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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical simulation for nonstationary Mach reflection of a shock wave: A kinetic-model approach (1991)
    Springer
    Shock waves 1 (1991), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock wave ; Mach reflection ; Rarefied gas dynamics ; Kinetic-model ; Finite difference method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical simulation was performed for the process of formation of single Mach reflection on a wedge by solving a BGK type kinetic equation for the reduced distribution function with a finite difference scheme. The calculations were carried out for a shock Mach number 2.75 and wedge angle 25° in a monatomic gas, which corresponds to the conditions of single Mach reflection in the classical von Neumann theory. The calculations were performed for both diffuse and specular reflection of molecules at the wall surface. It is concluded that the diffuse reflection of molecules at the wall surface or the existence of the viscous or thermal layer is an essential factor for a nonstationary process at the initial stage of Mach reflection. Furthermore, the numerical results for diffuse reflection are found to simulate the experimental results very well, such as a transient process from regular reflection to Mach reflection along with shock propagation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01414867
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DSMC approach to nonstationary Mach reflection of strong incoming shock waves using a smoothing technique (1993)
    Springer
    Shock waves 3 (1993), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Rarefied gas dynamics ; Mach reflection ; DSMC method ; Smoothing technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is applied to simulation of nonstationary Mach reflection of strong shock waves. Normally the DSMC method is very time consuming in solving unsteady flow field problems especially for high Mach numbers, because of the necessity of iterative calculations to eliminate the inherent statistical fluctuation caused by a finite sample size. A central weighted smoothing technique is introduced to process the DSMC results, so that the iteration time can be significantly reduced. In spite of some relaxations of the shock wave structure, the smoothing technique is verified to be useful to estima te the flow fields qualitatively and even quantitatively by using a relatively small sample size. The comparison between the present approach and the kineticmodel approach (Xu et al. 1991a, 1991b) on the application to unsteady rarefied flow fields was also carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01414749
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper bilirubinate and black pigment gallstone (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A series of copper bilirubinate complexes (CuBR) was synthesized in solution and in solid state to mimic the black color of the black-pigment gallstone and to explore the formation mechanism of the gallstonein vitro. The variation of the copper contents of these samples indicated that CuBR also exhibits nonstoichiometric characteristics from the FTIR study, i.e., both the so-called acid and neutral copper complex moieties exist in CuBR. The NH groups in pyrrole and lactam groups of bilirubin (H2BR) are binding to the copper ions. An EPR study demonstrates the generation of free radicals and the variation of its electronic structure and conjugation system in the skeleton of H2BR molecule during complex formation. A polymer of CuBR may form through the reaction of H2BR with copper ions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bspy.350010209
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodic and chaotic precipitation phenomena in bile salt system related to gallstone formation (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: cholelithiasis ; gallstone ; bile salts ; periodic precipitation ; fractal precipitation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This is the first observation that both chaotic and periodic patterns are formed in metal ions-deoxycholate-gel systems. It is an in vitro model for approximating the conditions present during gallstone formation. The experimental results suggest that a nonlinear scientific concept such as the “butterfly effect” should be considered in understanding gallstone formation. This effect suggests that a butterfly flapping its wings in Beijing today may lead to a thunderstorm in New York months later. Applying this concept to biology, minor changes in the local chemical environment within biological systems may lead to large variations in the structure and morphology of gallstone through changes in the behavior of biological mineralization process. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospect 3: 195-205, 1997
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spectroscopic investigation of the formation mechanism of pigment gallstones (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 3 (1997), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: black pigment gallstone ; FTIR ; EPR ; nonlinear phenomena ; vibrational mode ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Further spectroscopic studies of gallstones are reviewed with an emphasis on the formation of black pigment gallstones. This type of gallstone appears mainly in Western countries, with only 3% of the cholelithiasis patients in China having black gallstones. Fourier transform infrared absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance are used as spectroscopic probes of gallstones and their metal bilirubinate components. Nonlinear phenomena in gallstone formation were investigated through the appearance of ring structure in gallstones and fractal patterns in the formation in the precipitates of bile salt systems. Although a complete understanding of gallstone formation has not yet been achieved, interesting progress toward this goal has been made recently. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 381-391, 1997
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural studies on large spherulites of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 20 (1982), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.130200303
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