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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 108 (1967), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 111 (1968), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 140 (1970), S. 287-289 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 86 (1965), S. 294-297 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es ist bekannt, daß Polyäthyleneinkristalle beim Erwärmen auf Temperaturen, die in der Nähe ihrer ursprünglichen Kristallisationstemperatur liegen, einer kristallographischen Phasenänderung von der orthorhombischen Einheitszelle zur monoklinen unterliegen. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Umwandlung nur auf die thermische Spannung zurückzuführen ist, die zwischen Kristallen und dem Substrat, auf deß sie aufliegen, entsteht, und die von der Verschiedenheit der Ausdehnungskoeffizienten der Kristalle und des Substrats herrührt. Die Orientierung des monoklinen Gitters in bezug auf das orthorhombische Gitter entspricht einer effektiven Deformation parallel zu der orthorhombischen b-Achse. Bei Temperaturen oberhalb 110°C wandelt sich die monokline Phase nahezu vollständig wieder in die orthorhombische um, in erster Linie wegen der stark gesteigerten Beweglichkeit der Ketten in den Faltungsbögen. Die Wirkungen eines Elektronenstrahls auf das Polyäthylenkristallgitter wurden durch Elektronenbeugung während der Bestrahlung bei Temperaturen zwischen -160 und +ll0°C untersucht. Die Änderungen in den Dimensionen der Einheitszelle wurden als Funktion der Bestrahlungszeit bestimmt. Oberhalb etwa 30°C bildet sich eine stabile hexagonale Phase, bevor das kristalline Beugungsdiagramm in einen diffusen Halo übergeht. Dieser Wechsel wird 1. der Erniedrigung einer Umwandlungstemperatur, die Gitterfehlern zuzuordnen ist, zugeschrieben, die derjenigen entspricht, die man bei n-Paraffien bei der Umwandlung der orthorhombischen in die hexagonale Einheitszelle findet, und 2. elastischen Verformungen in der Umgebung der Gitterfehlstellen. Ferner wurde festgestellt, daß die Umwandlung schon bei 110°C in Abwesenheit von Bestrahlung fortschreitet, wenn man am Anfang eine kleine Dosis einwirken läßt : Unter diesen Bedingungen ist die Anzahl der Fehlstellen gering; infolgedessen finden sich nach dem Abkühlen auf Raumtemperatur die hexagonale und die orthorhombische Phase nebeneinander. Obgleich es nicht möglich ist, endgültige Aussagen über die Natur der Reaktion zu machen, so ist es doch offensichtlich, daß die Fehlstellen in erster Linie in Kettenbrüchen und Vernetzungen im Kristallgitter bestehen.
    Notes: Single crystals of polyethylene have been reported to undergo a crystallographic phase change from an orthorhombic unit cell to monoclinic when heated to temperatures near their original crystallization temperatures. This change is shown to be due purely to thermal stresses set up between the crystals and substrate on which they lie, arising from a difference in expansion coefficients of crystals and substrate. The orientation of the monoclinic lattice with respect to the orthorhombic lattice is consistent with an effective deformation parallel to the orthorhombic b-axis. At temperatures above 110°C the monoclinic phase relaxes almost completely back to orthorhombic primarily through the greatly increased mobility of the chains in their folded portions. The effects of an electron beam on the polyethylene crystal lattice have been studied by electron diffraction during irradiation at temperatures from -161 to + 110°C. The changes in dimensions of the unit (sub)-cell were determined as functions of the time of irradiation. Above about 30°C a stable hexagonal phase is formed before the crystalline diffraction pattern degrades to a diffuse halo. This change is ascribed to (i) a depression of a transition temperature (due to defects) analogous to that found in n-paraffins when the orthorhombic unit cell becomes hexagonal, and (ii) elastic distortions around the lattice defects. It is also noted that the transformation proceeds readily at 110°C in the absence of radiation if a small dose is given initially: the number of defects under these conditions are few and consequently on cooling to room temperature the hexagonal and orthorhombic phase co-exist. Although no definitive conclusions as to the nature of the reaction can be determined, the evidence is that the defects are primarily scissions and cross-links in the crystal lattice.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 2 (1964), S. 739-745 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1 (1984), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Ion microscopy ; Correlative microscopy ; Electron probe microanalysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In order to correctly interpret the chemical images obtained using ion microscopy (IM), it is useful to correlate them with the information provided by conventional light microscopy (LM), secondary electron imaging (SEI), backscattered electron imaging (BEI), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Accordingly, we have devised a technique of specimen preparation which allows for the application of several different microanalytical techniques to a single histologic section mounted on the same substrate. Sections are cut onto polyester plastic coverslips (devoid of peaks for any element with atomic number 〉 9 using EPMA) and studied by LM. After a light rotary coating with carbon (to prevent charging), the section can then be examined by SEI, BEI, and EPMA. Specific areas can be marked for IM study either with an objective-mounted pin tissue microlocater, or by placing small pieces of metal foil, cut in specific geometric shapes, over features of interest. After sputter-coating the sample with platinum, metal-free shadows are visible using a low-power reflected light microscope available on a typical IM sample chamber as a guide for ion beam placement. The conductive coatings also minimize specimen charging during IM. Post-IM light microscopy, SEI, and BEI are used to confirm the location of specific areas probed in the IM experiments and to provide information on differential ion-sputtering artifacts and tissue contaminants. This new correlative technique should permit better understanding of the images obtained with these diverse instruments.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 6 (1968), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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