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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gamma-Hydroxybuttersäure ; Alkoholentzugssyndrom ; Intensivstation ; Halluzinationen ; Hypernatriämie ; Metabolische Alkalose ; Key words Gamma-hydroxybutyrate ; Alcohol withdrawal syndrome ; Intensive care unit ; Hallucinations ; Hypernatraemia ; Metabolic alkalosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Seeing as gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and benzodiazepines interact with the GABA-transmitter system, we investigated whether GHB can replace the conventional therapy, which uses benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in ICU settings. Methods: 42 chronic alcoholics were included in this prospective and randomized study. Folllowing the development of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, the patients were randomly allocated to the GHB or to the flunitrazepam group. In addition to this, clonidine was administered in order to treat autonomic signs of withdrawal. In cases were hallucinations occurred, haloperidol was administered. Results: There was no significant difference in the efficacy of treatment used in the duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay between groups. The patients in the GHB-group required significantly higher dosages of haloperidol and significantly lower dosages of clonidine. 14 out of 21 patients from the GHB-group developed hypernatriaemia and 15 out of 21 developed a metabolic alkalosis. Conclusions: Symptoms of the autonomic nervous system were more effectively prevented by GHB as evident in the lower dosage requirement of clonidine. However, GHB may not sufficiently block the hyperactivity of the dopaminergic system or may have an hallucinogenic effect itself. This may be evident from the higher dosages of haloperidol which were necessary. Due to the latter fact, the administration of GHB cannot be recommended in all patients suffering from AWS in ICU settings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gamma-Hydroxybuttersäure (GHB) und Benzodiazepine interagieren beide mit dem gabaergen Transmittersystem. Vergleichend wurden sie zur intravenösen Therapie des Alkoholentzugssyndroms bei Patienten einer interdisziplinären operativen Intensivstation eingesetzt. Methodik: 42 alkoholabhängige Patienten, die ein Alkoholentzugssyndrom entwickelten, wurden randomisiert entweder mit GHB oder Flunitrazepam behandelt. Additiv erhielten sie symptomorientiert Clonidin oder Haloperidol. Ergebnis: Zwischen den Gruppen bestanden keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Effektivität der Therapie und der Dauer der intensivstationären Behandlung. Die Patienten der GHB-Gruppe benötigten jedoch signifikant höhere Dosen von Haloperidol und signifikant niedrigere Dosen von Clonidin. Als Nebenwirkungen traten in der GHB-Gruppe signifikant häufiger eine Hypernatriämie (14 von 21 Patienten) bzw. eine metabolische Alkalose (15 von 21 Patienten) auf. Schlußfolgerungen: Die vegetative Symptomatik war mit GHB besser therapierbar als mit Benzodiazepinen. Als Erklärung für den erhöhten Haloperidolbedarf in der GHB-Gruppe ist eine unzureichende Blockierung des dopaminergen Systems und damit die unzureichende Dämpfung der produktiv-psychotischen Symptomatik sowie ein halluzinogener Effekt der Substanz selbst denkbar. Deshalb kann GHB nur zur Therapie des Alkoholentzugssyndroms mit vegetativer Symptomatik, jedoch nicht bei Halluzinationen empfohlen werden.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Alcoholism ; Trauma ; Intensive care unit ; Complications ; Infection ; Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective A chronic alcoholic group following trauma was investigated to determine whether their ICU stay was longer than that of a non-alcoholic group and whether their intercurrent complication rate was increased Design Prospective study. Setting An intensive care unit. Patients A total of 102 polytraumatized patients were transferred to the ICU after admission to the emergency room and after surgical treatment. Of these patients 69 were chronic alcoholics and 33 were allocated to the non-alcoholic group. The chronic-alcoholic group met the DSM-III-R and ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence or chronic alcohol abuse/harmful use. The daily ethanol intake in these patients was ≥60 g. Diagnostic indicators included an alcoholismrelated questionnaire (CAGE), conventional laboratory markers and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Measurement and results Major intercurrent complications such as alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), pneumonia, cardiac complications and bleeding disorders were documented and defined according to internationally accepted criteria. Patients did not differ significantly between groups regarding age, TRISS and APACHE score on admission. The rate of major intercurrent complications was 196% in the chronic alcoholic vs 70% in the non-alcoholic group (P=0.0001). Because of the increased intercurrent complication rate, the ICU stay was significantly prolonged in the chronic-alcoholic group by a median period of 9 days. Conclusions Chronic alcoholics are reported to have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. However, to our knowledge, nothing is known about the morbidity and mortality of chronic alcoholics in intensive care units following trauma. Since chronic alcoholics in the ICU develop mor major complications with a significantly prolonged ICU stay following trauma than non-alcoholics, it seems reasonable to intensify research to identify chronic alcoholics and to prevent alcohol-related complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Alcoholism ; Trauma ; Intensive care unit ; Complications ; Infection ; Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Objective: A chronic alcoholic group following trauma was investigated to determine whether their ICU stay was longer than that of a non-alcoholic group and whether their intercurrent complication rate was increased. Design: Prospective study. Setting: An intensive care unit. Patients: A total of 102 polytraumatized patients were transferred to the ICU after admission to the emergency room and after surgical treatment. Of these patients 69 were chronic alcoholics and 33 were allocated to the non-alcoholic group. The chronic-alcoholic group met the DSM-III-R and ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence or chronic alcohol abuse/harmful use. The daily ethanol intake in these patients was ≥60 g. Diagnostic indicators included an alcoholism-related questionnaire (CAGE), conventional laboratory markers and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Measurement and results: Major intercurrent complications such as alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), pneumonia, cardiac complications and bleeding disorders were documented and defined according to internationally accepted criteria. Patients did not differ significantly between groups regarding age, TRISS and APACHE score on admission. The rate of major intercurrent complications was 196% in the chronic alcoholic vs 70% in the non-alcoholic group (P=0.0001). Because of the increased intercurrent complication rate, the ICU stay was significantly prolonged in the chronic-alcoholic group by a median period of 9 days. Conclusions: Chronic alcoholics are reported to have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. However, to our knowledge, nothing is known about the morbidity and mortality of chronic alcoholics in intensive care units following trauma. Since chronic alcoholics in the ICU develop more major complications with a significantly prolonged ICU stay following trauma than non-alcoholics, it seems reasonable to intensify research to identify chronic alcoholics and to prevent alcohol-related complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 714-719 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical properties of cold-drawn and cast Grade 2 TitaniumThe static and dynamic properties of Grade 2 Titanium for dental applications are investigated. The typical casting procedures used in dental laboratories lead to a drastic deterioration of the mechanical properties compared to wrought material. This deterioration is caused by changes in microstructure and surface roughness. The experimental results are used to determine opportunities for improvements and their limits.
    Notes: In dieser Arbeit werden die statischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften von in der Zahntechnik verwendetem Titan Grad 2 untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die in zahntechnischen Laboratorien üblichen Herstellungsprozesse und Bearbeitungsschritte bei gegossenem Titan eine erhebliche Verschlechterung der Eigenschaften gegenüber kommerziell erhältlichen Ti-Halbzeugen bewirken. Diese Verschlechterung läßt sich auf Änderungen im Gefüge und der Oberflächenrauhigkeit zurückführen. Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen für die Optimierung des Herstellungsprozesses für Zahnersatz aus Titan Grad 2 abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 1086-1086 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 68 (1996), S. 1169-1169 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 68 (1996), S. 1106-1107 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 18 (1956), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The sulfonation of polystyrene with concentrated sulfuric acid, oleum or chlorosulfonic acid yields products which swell but are insoluble. On the other hand, soluble products are obtained by sulfonation with the addition compound of sulfur trioxide with dioxane.The preparation, purification and analysis of such polystyrene sulfonic acids and their salts are described. The degree of sulfonation can be varied within wide limits. Products with one sulfonic acid group to about ten phenyl groups are soluble in alcohols and other polar solvents while higher sulfonated products are soluble in water.
    Notes: Die Sulfonierung des Polystyrols mit konzentrierter Schwefelsäure oder Oleum oder Chlorsulfonsäure führt zu unlöslichen, nur quellbaren Polystyrolsulfonsäuren. Im Gegensatz dazu erhält man mit der Additionsverbindung von Schwefeltrioxyd an Dioxan lösliche Produkte.Die Herstellung, Reinigung und Analyse von derartigen Polystyrolsulfonsäuren und ihrer Salze wird beschrieben. Der Sulfonierungsgrad kann in weiten Grenzen variiert werden. Produkte mit einer Sulfonsäuregruppe pro ca. zehn Phenylreste sind in gewissen Alkoholen und anderen polaren Lösungsmitteln löslich, höher sulfonierte in Wasser.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 54 (1997), S. 567-576 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: continuous cultivation ; unstable steady state ; substrate inhibition ; phenol degradation ; Pseudomonas cepacia G4 ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Multiplicity of steady states of a continuous culture with an inhibitory substrate was used to estimate kinetic parameters under steady-state conditions. A continuous culture of Pseudomonas cepacia G4, using phenol as the sole source of carbon and energy, was overloaded by increasing the dilution rate above the critical dilution rate. The culture was then stabilized in the inhibitory branch by a proportional controller using the carbon dioxide concentration in the reactor exhaust gas as the controlled variable and the dilution rate as the manipulated variable. By variation of the set point, several unstable steady states in the inhibitory branch were investigated and the specific phenol conversion rates calculated. In addition, phenol degradation was investigated under substrate limitation (chemostat operation).The results show that the phenol degradation by P. cepacia can be described by the same set of inhibition parameters under substrate limitation and under high substrate concentrations in the inhibitory branch. Biomass yield and maintenance coefficients were identical. Fitting of the data to various inhibition models resulted in the best fit for the Yano and Koga equation. The well-known Haldane model, which is most often used to describe substrate inhibition by phenol, gave the poorest fit. The described method allows a precise data estimation under steady-state conditions from the maximum of the biological reaction rate up to high substrate concentrations in the inhibitory branch. Inhibition parameter estimation by controlling unstable steady states may thus be useful in avoiding discrepancies between data generated by batch runs and their application to continuous cultures which have been often described in the literature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 54: 567-576, 1997.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphoraneiminato Complexes ; Boron Compounds ; Crystal Structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphoraneiminato Complexes of Boron. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [BBr2(NPMe3)]2, [B2Br3(NPiPr3)2]Br, [B2(NPEt3)4]Br2, [B2Br2(NPPh3)3]BBr4 and [{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]ClThe bromoderivatives of the title compounds are prepared from the corresponding silylated phosphoraneimines Me3SiNPR3 and boron tribromide. The boron subcompound [{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]Cl2 derives from Me3SiNPEt3 and B2Cl2(NMe2)2. All complexes are characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by crystal structure determinations.[BBr2(NPMe3)]2 (1): Space group P21/n, Z = 2, R = 0.031. Lattice dimensions at -50°C: a = 723.8, b = 894.2, c = 1305.4 pm, β = 92.35°. 1 forms centrosymmetric molecules in which the boron atoms are linked via μ2-N bridges of the NPMe3- groups of from B2N2 four-membered rings with B—N distances of 149.9 and 150.9 pm.B2Br3(NPiPr3)2]Br (2): Space group P21, Z = 2, R = 0.059. Lattice dimensions at -80°C: a = 817.6, b = 2198.7, c = 851.5 pm, β = 115.09°. In the cations of 2 the boron atoms are lined via the μ2-N atoms of the NPiPr3- groups to form planar, asymmetric B2N2 four-membered rings with B—N distances of 143 and 156 pm.[B2(NPEt3)4[Br2·4CH2Cl2 (3): Space group C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0.042. Lattice dimensions at -50°C: a = 1946.1, b = 1180.3, c = 2311.3 pm, β = 101.02°. The structure contains centrosymmetric dications in which both the boron atoms are lined by the N atoms of two of the NPEt3- groups to form a B2N2 four-membered ring with B—N distances of 149.6 pm. The remaining two NPEt3- groups are terminally bonded with very short B—N distances of 133.5 pm.B2Br2(NPPh3)3]BBr4 (4): Space group P1, Z = 2, R = 0.065. Lattice dimension at -50°C: a = 1025.7, b = 1496.1, c = 1807.0 pm, α = 85.09°, β = 82.90°, γ = 82.72°. In the cation the boron atoms are lined via the μ2-N atoms of two of the NPPh3- groups to form a nearly planer B2N2 four-membered ring with B—N distances of 149.3-153.1 pm. The third NPPh33 group is terminally connected with teh sp2 hybridized boron atom and with a B—N distance of 134.1 pm along with an almost linear BNP bond angle of 173.6°.[{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt2)2]Cl2 · 3CH2Cl2 (5): Space group C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0.098. Lattice dimensions at -70°C: a = 1557.9, b = 1294.7, c = 2122.9 pm, β = 96.08°. The structure of 4 contains centrosymmetric dications in which two by two B-B dumb-bells are linked via the μ2-N atoms of the two NEPt3- groups to form B4N2 six-membered rings with B—N distances of 150 and 156 pm and B-B distances of 173 pm. The B—N distances of the terminally bonded NMe2- groups correspond to 138 pm double bonds.
    Notes: Die Bromoderivate der Titelverbindungen werden aus den entsprechenden silylierten Phosphaniminen Me3SiNPR3 und Bortribromid hergestellt. Die Borsubverbindung [{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]Cl2 entsteht aus Me3SiNPEt3 und B2Cl2(NMe2)2. Alle Komplexe werden durch NMR- und IR-Spektren sowie durch Kristallstrukturanalysen charakterisiert.[BBr2(NPMe3)]2 (1): Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 2, R = 0,031. Gitterkonstanten bei -50°C: a = 723,8; b = 894,2; c = 1305,4 pm; β = 92,35°. 1 bildet zentrosymmetrische Moleküle, in denen die Boratome über μ2-N-Brücken der NPMe3--Gruppen zu B2N2-Vierringen mit B—N-Abständen von 149,9 und 150,9 pm verknüpft sind.[B2Br3(NPiPr3)2]Br (2): Raumgruppe P21, Z = 2, R = 0,059. Gitterkonstanten bei -80°C: a = 817,6; b = 2198,7; c = 851,5 pm; β = 115,09°. In den Kationen von 2 sind die Boratome über die μ2-N-Atome der NPiPr3--Gruppen zu planaren, asymmetrischen B2N2-Vierringen mit B—N-Abständen von 143 und 156 pm verknüpft.[B2(NPEt3)4]Br2 · 4 CH2Cl2 (3): Raumgruppe C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0,042. Gitterkonstanten bei -50°C: a = 1946,1; b = 1180,3; c = 2311,3 pm; β = 101,02°. Die Struktur enthält zentrosymmetrische Dikationen, in denen die N-Atome zweier NPEt3--Gruppen die beiden Boratome zu einem B2N2-Vierring mit B—N-Abständen von 149,6 pm verknüpfen. Die beiden übrigen NPEt3--Gruppen sind terminal gebunden mit sehr kurzen B—N-Abständen von 133,5 pm.[B2Br2(NPPh3)3]BBr4 (4): Raumgruppe P1, Z = 2, R = 0,065. Gitterkonstanten bei -50°C: a = 1025,7; b = 1496,1; c = 1807,0 pm; α = 85,09°; β = 82,90°; γ = 82,72°. In dem Kation sind die Boratome über die μ2-N-Atome zweier NPPh3--Gruppen zu einem nahezu planaren B2N2-Vierring mit B—N-Abständen von 149,3-153,1 pm verknüpft. Die dritte NPPh3--Gruppe ist mit dem sp2-hybridisierten Boratom terminal mit einem B—N-Abständ von 134,1 pm verbunden bei einem fast linearen BNP-Bindungswinkel von 173,6°.[{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]Cl2 · 3 CH2Cl2 (5): Raumgruppe C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0,098. Gitterkonstanten bei -70°C: a = 1557,9; b = 1294,7; c = 2122,9 pm; β = 96,08°. Die Struktur von 4 enthält zentrosymmetrische Dikationen, in denen je zwei B—B-Hanteln über die μ2-N-Atome der beiden NPEt3--Gruppen zu B4N2-Sechsringen mit B—N-Abständen von 150 und 156 pm sowie B—B-Abständen von 173 pm verknüpft sind. Die B—N-Abstände der terminal gebundenen NMe2--Gruppen entsprechen mit 138 pm Doppelbindungen.
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