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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recall and selection bias in reporting past alcohol consumption among breast cancer cases (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; bias ; breast neoplasms ; case-control studies ; prospective studies ; questionnaires ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recall and selection bias are well-recognized potential problems in case-control studies of alcohol and cancer, but few analyses have attempted to assess the direction and the magnitude of these potential biases. We thus examined alcohol consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer using dietary questionnaires administered both before and after the diagnosis of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study (United States). Among cohort members who completed a dietary questionnaire in 1986 and who were free of cancer, 616 were diagnosed with breast cancer during follow-up to December 1989. These cases and 1,277 controls (a random sample of cohort members who did not develop cancer up to 1990) then were sent another questionnaire inquiring about their diet in 1985. Four hundred and ninety-four cases (80.2 percent) and 999 controls (78.2 percent) responded to the second questionnaire. The analysis based on the prospective (1986) questionnaire demonstrated an elevated risk of breast cancer among women who drank 30 or more g of alcohol daily (about two drinks) relative to nondrinkers (odds ratio [OR]=1.55, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.01–2.39). The analysis based on the retrospective questionnaire also indicated a similar but slightly attenuated elevation of risk of breast cancer among women who drank at least 30 g daily (OR=1.42, CI=0.85–2.40). In these data, bias due to selection and recall had only minor effects on reported intake of alcohol consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00050863
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycosylated hemoglobin and risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma (United States) (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 379-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: colorectal neoplasms ; glycosylated ; hemoglobin A ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The consistently observed epidemiologic associations of obesity and physical activity with colorectal cancer and precursor adenoma risk suggest that insulin and glucose control may be contributory. We evaluated the association of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a clinical indicator of average glycemia over the previous 2 months, and possibly, indirectly, a marker of average blood insulin level, with colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods: Among women in the Nurses' Health Study, who provided blood in 1989–90 and were diagnosed subsequently in 1989–94, we included 79 colorectal cancer cases and 156 matched controls, and 201 distal colorectal adenoma cases and 201 matched controls. HbA1c concentrations in red blood cells were determined blindly by turbidometric immunoinhibition. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from conditional logistic regression models. Results: HbA1c level did not significantly differ between colorectal cancer cases (median 5.5%) and controls (5.5%, p = 0.5), although a small difference between adenoma cases (5.6%) and controls (5.5%, p = 0.06) was noted. Compared to the lowest tertile of HbA1c (median 5.2%), women in the middle (median 5.5%, OR = 1.2, CI = 0.6–2.5) and upper (5.8%, OR = 1.2, CI = 0.6–2.7) tertiles were not at an increased risk for colorectal cancer. A modestly elevated risk of distal colorectal adenoma in the upper (median 5.8%, OR = 1.4, CI = 0.9–2.3) versus lower (median 5.3%) tertile could not be excluded. These associations were not appreciably altered after adjusting for known and suspected colorectal cancer risk factors. Conclusion: Over the range of levels observed in this relatively small sample of middle-aged women, prediagnostic HbA1c does not clearly predict colorectal cancer and adenoma risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008953611657
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive factors and family history of breast cancer in relation to plasma estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study (United States) (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; endogenous hormones ; family history ; postmenopausal women ; reproductive factors ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, and a family history of breast cancer have each been associated consistently with breast cancer risk. Whether this increase in risk is mediated, at least in part, through changes in endogenous hormone levels is unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study of the relationships between these factors and plasma hormone levels in 216 healthy postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study (United States). The hormones evaluated were estradiol, percent and total free estradiol, percent and total bioavailable estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, and prolactin. After controlling for age, body mass index (weight/height2), and alcohol use, we observed inverse associations between estrone sulfate and parity (r=−0.15, P=0.03) and between percent bioavailable estradiol and age at first birth (r=−0.17, P=0.02). Although women with a family history of breast cancer tended to have higher estrogen levels compared with women without such history, the differences were not statistically significant. Age at menarche was not related significantly to any of the hormones. These data provide some additional evidence that the inverse relationship observed between parity and breast cancer risk may be mediated, at least in part, through decreased estrogen levels. Our data do not support a substantial influence of either family history of breast cancer or age at menarche on postmenopausal estrogen or prolactin levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051793
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prospective study of body mass, height, and smoking on the risk of colorectal cancer in women (1991)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 2 (1991), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: body height ; body weight ; colorectal neoplasms ; smoking ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Female registered nurses in the United States who responded to a questionnaire in 1976 that inquired about height, weight, and smoking history were followed for the development of colon or rectal cancers through May of 1984. Among the 118,404 respondents free of cancer in 1976, 191 colon cancers and 49 rectal cancers were observed during 916,170 person-years of follow-up. After omitting cases diagnosed within two years of weight report, we found little overall relation of body mass (Quetelet's) index to colon cancer risk; however there was a suggestion of elevated risk for the heaviest category of body mass index (≥29 kg/m2, relative risk (RR)=1.5; 95 percent confidence interval = 0.8–2.7) relative to the lowest category (〈21 kg/m2). Self-reported body mass index from adolescence had a slightly more pronounced, although not significant, association with risk of colon cancer. Increasing height was significantly associated with colon cancer (RR=1.6, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.1–2.5 for the tallest category [≥168 cm] vs the shortest [〈160 cm], trend P=0.04). Measures of current or past smoking failed to demonstrate any consistent relationship with colon cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053131
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses' Health Study, United States) (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; oral contraceptives ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Results of previous epidemiologic studies have provided reassurance that there is little, if any, increase in risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive (OC) use in general. However, in several studies, an increased risk of breast cancer has been observed in two subgroups, young women who used OCs for extended durations and in women who used OCs prior to a first-term pregnancy. We evaluated these relationships using data from the ongoing Nurses' Health Study cohort (United States). We documented 3,383 cases of breast cancer from 1976 to 1992 among 1.6 million person-years of follow-up. We observed no overall relationship between duration of OC use and breast cancer risk, even among women who reported using OCs for 10 or more years (multivariate relative risk [RR]=1.11, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.94-1.32). Among women less than 45 years of age, the multivariate RR for using OCs for 10 or more years was 1.07 (CI=0.70-1.65) compared with never-users. The risk associated with five or more years of OC use prior to a first full-term pregnancy compared with never-use was 0.96 (CI=0.65-1.43). Among women less than 45 years of age, we observed no evidence of an increased risk with OC use before a first full-term pregnancy (use for five or more years: RR=0.57, CI=0.24-1.31). Because of the age distribution of our cohort, we were unable to evaluate these relationships among women less than 40 years of age. Our study provides considerable evidence that long-term past OC use, either overall or prior to a first full-term pregnancy, does not result in any appreciable increase in breast cancer risk in women over 40 years of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018435205695
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proton magnetic resonance study of nucleosides, nucleotides, and dideoxynucleoside monophosphates containing a syn pyrimidine base (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 20 (1981), S. 1671-1690 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton magnetic resonance data have been obtained for 6-methyl-2′-deoxyuridine (dT*), its 3′- and 5′-monophosphates, and its 3′,5′-diphosphate, as well as for the corresponding thymine derivatives. The synthesis of the dideoxynucleoside monophosphates - d(TpT), d(T*pT), d(TpT*), and d(T*pT*) - was accomplished, and spectral data were obtained for these four dimers. The data show that the 6-methyluracil base prefers the syn conformation about the N-glycosyl bond at the monomer and dimer levels. The presence of the syn base leads to increases in the cis couplings of the sugar ring, J1′2″ and J2′3′, which indicate a trend towards eclipsing of the substituents on the C1′-C2′ and C2′-C3′ fragments. This trend is discussed in terms of changes in the pseudorotational parameters which describe the pucker of the ring. The syn base destabilizes the g+ conformer about the C4′-C5′ bond, leading to a preference for the t conformer in all dT* residues at the monomer and dimer levels. Preliminary work on the formation of cyclobutane-type photodimers in d(T*pT) and d(T*pT*) is discussed and presented as evidence for the capability of the syn 6-methyluracil base to form base-stacked complexes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1981.360200809
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational study of ribonucleotides, 2′-deoxyribonucleotides, and arabinonucleotides by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 605-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The geminal and vicinal 13C-31P coupling constants have been monitored, as a function of pH, for a series of uracil and cytosine 3′- and 5′-nucleotides with a ribose, arabinose, or 2′-deoxyribose sugar. Data were also obtained for two 3′,5′-diphosphates in the ribose and arabinose series. The geminal J(C5′-P5′) and J(C3′-P3′) couplings show only a small dependence on the ionization state of the phosphate, decreasing by 〈 0.5 Hz in the pH 5-7 range. For the ribose and arabinose 3′-nucleotides, the vicinal J(C4′-P3′) increase (up to 1.5 Hz) on secondary phosphate ionization in the pH 5-7 range, whereas their J(C2′-P3′) couplings decrease (up to 1.5 Hz) over the same pH range. In contrast for the 2′-deoxyribose molecules, both couplings decrease (∼0.5 Hz) on phosphate ionization. The titration curves provide information about the influence of the sugar on the conformation about the C3′—O3′ bond. Some conformational trends could be rationalized by consideration of the sugar-puckerdependent contact interactions between the 3′-phosphate and the substituents on the furanose ring.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360220206
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the water induced plasticization behavior of nylon 4. The influence of crystallinity and radiation crosslinking (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 186 (1985), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of crystallinity and radiation crosslinking on the water induced depression of the glass transition temperature in Nylon 4 [poly(2-pyrrolidone)] has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Radiation crosslinking was effective in preventing exothermic events associated with crystallization during the measurement of the incremental change in heat capacity (ΔCp); a parameter necessary for the theoretical evaluation of the depressed glass transition temperature. ΔCp, when normalized to account for fractional crystallinity, was found to deviate substantially from a linear two phase relation. A simple three phase representation of morphology is proposed to account for this deviation, and assumptions have been made regarding the distribution of plasticizer, leading to good agreement between the theoretical and experimentally observed depressions of the glass transition temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.021860118
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitional properties of liquid-crystalline side-chain polymers derived from poly(p-hydroxystyrene) (1991)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 1495-1508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of liquid-crystalline polystyrene derivatives with ω-(4-(4-fluorophenylazo)phenoxy)-alkoxy pendant groups have been synthesized and characterized. Homologues with four or more methylene units in the spacer chain exhibit smectic liquid-crystalline phases, while the homologue with three methylene units forms an amorphous glass. The smectic A-isotropic (SA-I) transition temperatures show a marked odd-even effect as a function of the parity of the spacer chain. This odd-even behaviour is also found in the variation of ΔS/R at the SA-I transition across the series. A marked hysteresis between the transition temperatures determined on heating and the transition temperatures determined on cooling is observed. A molecular interpretation of these phenomena is proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1991.021920704
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural characterization of vinylidene fluoride/vinyl fluoride copolymers (1989)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 190 (1989), S. 2203-2210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystalline structure and the melting behavior of vinylidene fluoride/vinyl fluoride (VF) copolymers are reexamined. For copolymers containing even a small mole fraction of VF units (≍ 12%) a structure similar to the β-form of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and to the crystalline structure of poly(vinyl fluoride) is stabilized. Combined wide-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and dielectric measurements show that in contrast to other vinylidene fluoride copolymers, no crystal-crystal transition below the melting region is present.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1989.021900920
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