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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Key words Paediatric anaesthesia ; Desflurane ; Isoflurane ; Intubating conditions ; Recovery times ; Schlüsselwörter Kinderanästhesie ; Desfluran ; Isofluran ; Intubationsbedingungen ; Aufwachzeiten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Inhalationsanästhetikum Desfluran ist aufgrund seiner geringen Löslichkeit durch ein rasches Ein- und Auswaschverhalten gekennzeichnet. Dies könnte gerade im Kindesalter bei kurzdauernden HNO-Eingriffen von Vorteil sein, wenn dadurch die Intubationsbedingungen zu verbessern und die Aufwachphase zu beschleunigen wären. Dies sollte in der vorliegenden Untersuchung im Vergleich mit Isofluran überprüft werden. Methodik: Untersucht wurden 4–12jährige Kinder (ASA I–II), die sich einem kurzdauernden HNO-Elektiveingriff (z.B. Tonsillektomie) unterziehen mußten. Die Narkose wurde intravenös mit 5–8 mg/kg Thiopental eingeleitet; die anschließende Maskenbeatmung erfolgte mit 6 l/min O2, wobei der Desfluran- bzw. Isofluran-Vapor auf 1 MAC (altersadaptiert) geöffnet wurde. Nach 3 Beatmungshüben wurden 0,05 mg/kg Vecuronium injiziert und die Intubationsbedingungen 3 min später beurteilt. Die weitere Narkoseführung erfolgte nach den üblichen klinischen Kriterien mit Desfluran oder Isofluran in 50% N2O/O2, die Zufuhr endete mit der letzten operativen Maßnahme, danach wurden die üblichen Aufwachzeiten ermittelt. Gemäß Poweranalyse (α-Fehler〈0,05, β-Fehler〈0,10) war eine Gruppenstärke von je 20 Patienten erforderlich. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 44 Kinder (je n=22) untersucht. Die Intubationsbedingungen waren in der Desflurangruppe signifikant besser (sehr gut” oder „gut” bei 20 von 22 Kindern) als in der Isoflurangruppe (12 von 22; s. Tabelle 2). Auch die Aufwachzeiten waren nach Desflurananästhesie signifikant kürzer als nach Isofluran (x±SEM): Spontanatmung 4,0±0,5 min vs. 6,0±0,7 min, Extubation 8,4±0,7 vs. 11,4±1,1 min und Ankunft im AWR 11,5±0,8 vs. 16,6±1,5 min (s. Abb. 1). Atemwegskomplikationen (Husten, Laryngospasmus, Abfall der Sauerstoffsättigung 〈97%) traten in beiden Gruppen nicht auf. Schlußfolgerungen: Der Einsatz von Desfluran ist auch im Kindesalter eine interessante Alternative zu Isofluran und kann nach intravenöser Narkoseeinleitung mit besseren Intubationsbedingungen und kürzeren Aufwachzeiten einhergehen.
    Notes: Abstract Background: The inhaled anaesthetic desflurane is characterized by a rapid wash-in and wash-out and may be useful for short paediatric ENT procedures. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the effects of desflurane or isoflurane on intubating conditions and recovery characteristics in paediatric ENT patients. Methods: In this prospective, randomised investigation, we studied 44 children scheduled for ENT surgery, aged 4–12 yr and classified ASA I–II. After thiopentone induction (5–8 mg/kg) the lungs were ventilated by face mask and the vaporizer was dialed to 1 MAC (age-adapted) of desflurane of isoflurane. A reduced dose of vecuronium (0.05 mg/kg) was administered, and intubating conditions were rated 3 min later. Following tracheal intubation, 50% nitrous oxide were added, and the concentration of desflurane or isoflurane was adjusted according to clinical needs. At the end of surgery all anaesthetics were discontinued simultaneously and recovery times were recorded. Results: Intubating conditions were rated significantly better for desflurane (excellent or good 20 of 22) than for isoflurane (12 of 22). Recovery times were significantly shorter for desflurane than for isoflurane (mean±SE): spontaneous ventilation 4.0±0.5 min vs. 6.0±0.7 min, extubation 8.4±0.7 vs. 11.4±1.1 min and arrival at PACU 11.5±0.8 vs. 16.6±1.5 min. No airway complications (coughing, laryngospasm, or desaturation 〈97%) were noted for either anaesthetic. Conclusions: Following an intravenous induction improved intubating conditions, shorter recovery times and the lack of airway complications make desflurane a suitable alternative to isoflurane for paediatric ENT anaesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Remifentanil ; Propofol ; Desfluran ; Aufwachverhalten ; kardiovaskuläre Effekte ; Key words Remifentanil ; Propofol ; Desflurane ; Cardiovascular effects ; Emergence times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objective: To ascertain whether there is a difference between total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol (P) and remifentanil (R) and inhalational anaesthesia with desflurane (D) and nitrous oxide (N) with regard to haemodynamic reactions, recovery profile and postoperative analgesic demand in patients scheduled for elective microsurgical vertebral disc resection. Methods: 50 patients (ASA I–II, 18–65 years) were randomly assigned to receive total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil or inhalational anaesthesia with desflurane and nitrous oxide. After standardised induction of anaesthesia in both groups (1 µg·kg−1 remifentanil, 1.5 mg·kg−1 propofol, 0.1 mg·kg−1 cisatracurium), anaesthesia was maintained in the D/N group with desflurane in 50% N2O. The patients of the P/R group received a constant infusion of 2 mg·kg−1·h−1 propofol and a constant infusion of 0.5 µg·kg−1·min−1 remifentanil, which was reduced after 15 min by 50%. The administration of desflurane and the infusion of the anaesthetics were adjusted to maintain a surgical depth of anaesthesia. At the end of surgery the anaesthetics were discontinued and early emergence from anaesthesia was assessed by measuring time to spontaneous ventilation (VT〉4 ml/kg), tracheal extubation, opening of the eyes and stating correct name and data of birth. The frequency of analgesics and total demand for analgesics were determined using patient-controlled analgesia and recorded for 2 h postoperatively. In addition the pain level of the patients was measured on a visual analogue scale and the incidence of postoperative shivering, nausea and vomiting was noted. Results: Patients anaesthetised with desflurane responded to tracheal intubation and skin incision with increasing blood pressure and showed higher heart rates than patients anaesthetised with propofol and remifentanil, but there were no other haemodynamic differences between the groups in response to surgical stimuli. There were significantly shorter times to spontaneous ventilation (3.2 vs. 6.3 min), extubation (3.8 vs. 9.5 min), eye opening (3.0 vs. 11.5 min) and giving name and date of birth (4.8 vs. 14.3 min) in patients anaesthetised with remifentanil and propofol than in those receiving desflurane and nitrous oxide. In addition, patients anaesthetised with remifentanil and propofol had a greater incidence of postoperative shivering. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the patients’ pain scores, analgesic demand and incidence of nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Patients anaesthetised with propofol and remifentanil have significantly shorter emergence times than patients anaesthetised with desflurane and nitrous oxide. The low incidence of postoperative pain after microsurgical vertebral disc resections requires no large-scale analgesic therapy, even after total intravenous anaesthesia including remifentanil.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Unterscheidet sich eine totale intravenöse Anästhesie mit Propofol (P) und Remifentanil (R) von einer Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran (D) und Lachgas (L) bei lumbalen Bandscheibenoperationen hinsichtlich der Steuerbarkeit der Narkose, der Beeinflussung hämodynamischer Parameter, des Aufwachverhaltens und des postoperativen Analgetikabedarfs der Patienten? Methodik: 50 Patienten (ASA I–II, 18–65 Jahre) wurden randomisiert entweder einer P/R- oder D/L-Gruppe zugeteilt. Nach standardisierter Narkoseeinleitung (1 µg/kg Remifentanil, 1,5 mg/kg Propofol, 0,1 mg/kg Cisatracurium) wurde die Anästhesie in der D/L-Gruppe bedarfsadaptiert mit Desfluran in 50% N2O und in der P/R-Gruppe mit 2 mg/kg/h Propofol und 0,5 µg/kg/min Remifentanil aufrechterhalten, wobei die Remifentanildosis nach 15 min halbiert wurde. Am Operationsende unmittelbar vor der Umlagerung in die horizontale Rückenlage wurde die Zufuhr der Anästhetika abrupt unterbrochen und folgende Aufwachzeiten erfaßt: Eintritt Spontanatmung (VT〉4 ml/kg), Extubation, Augenöffnen, richtiges Benennen von Namen und Geburtsdatum und der Analgetikabedarf der ersten 2 postoperativen Stunden im Aufwachraum. Ergebnisse: Die Patienten der D/L-Gruppe reagierten auf den Intubationsreiz und die Hautinzision mit signifikanten Blutdruckanstiegen und zeigten signifikant höhere Herzfrequenzwerte, während ansonsten die hämodynamischen Parameter während des Narkoseverlaufs vergleichbar waren. Die Patienten der P/R-Gruppe erreichten signifikant früher eine stabile Spontanatmung (3,2 vs. 6,4 min), konnten früher extubiert werden (3,8 vs. 9,5 min), öffneten früher die Augen (3,0 vs. 11,5 min) und waren eher in der Lage, ihren Namen und Geburtsdatum zu benennen (4,8 vs. 14,3 min), wiesen aber auch signifikant häufiger Muskelzittern auf. Keine signifikanten Unterschiede fanden sich im Analgetikabedarf sowie in der Inzidenz von Übelkeit und Erbrechen. Schlußfolgerung: Die Patienten erwachen aus der TIVA mit Propofol/Remifentanil schneller als aus der Desfluran/N2O-Narkose und erreichen schneller ein höheres Vigilanzniveau, wobei die geringe Intensität postoperativer Wundschmerzen nach Bandscheibenoperationen kein aufwendiges Konzept zur postoperativen Analgesie erfordert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Palmer ; Marsh ; Mawson ; aerosol particles ; biogeochemical cycles ; sulfate ; nitrate ; methanesulfonate ; lead-210 ; beryllium-7 ; sea-salt ; ammonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract High volume bulk aerosol samples were collected continuously at three Antarctic sites: Mawson (67.60° S, 62.50° E) from 20 February 1987 to 6 January 1992; Palmer Station (64.77° S, 64.06° W) from 3 April 1990 to 15 June 1991; and Marsh (62.18° S, 58.30° W) from 28 March 1990, to 1 May 1991. All samples were analyzed for Na+, SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , methanesulfonate (MSA), NH 4 + ,210Pb, and7Be. At Mawson for which we have a multiple year data set, the annual mean concentration of each species sometimes vary significantly from one year to the next: Na+, 68–151 ng m−3; NO 3 − , 25–30 ng m−3; nss SO 4 2− , 81–97 ng m−3; MSA, 19–28 ng m−3; NH 4 + , 16–21 ng m−3;210Pb, 0.75–0.86 fCi m−3. Results from multiple variable regression of non-sea-salt (nss) SO 4 2− with MSA and NO 3 − as the independent variables indicates that, at Mawson, the nss SO 4 2− /MSA ratio resulting from the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) is 2.80±0.13, about 13% lower than our earlier estimate (3.22) that was based on 2.5 years of data. A similar analysis indicates that the ratio at Palmer is about 40% lower, 1.71±0.10, and more comparable to previous results over the southern oceans. These results when combined with previously published data suggest that the differences in the ratio may reflect a more rapid loss of MSA relative to nss SO 4 2− during transport over Antarctica from the oceanic source region. The mean210Pb concentrations at Palmer and Marsh and the mean NO 3 − concentration at Palmer are about a factor of two lower than those at Mawson. The210Pb distributions are consistent with a210Pb minimum in the marine boundary layer in the region of 40°–60° S. These features and the similar seasonalities of NO 3 − and210Pb at Mawson support the conclusion that the primary source regions for NO 3 − are continental. In contrast, the mean concentrations of MSA, nss SO 4 2− , and NH 4 + at Palmer are all higher than those at Mawson: MSA by a factor of 2; nss SO 4 2− by 10%; and NH 4 + by more than 50%. However, the factor differences exhibit substantial seasonal variability; the largest differences generally occur during the austral summer when the concentrations of most of the species are highest. NH 4 + /(nss SO 4 2− +MSA) equivalent ratios indicate that NH3 neutralizes about 60% of the sulfur acids during December at both Mawson and Palmer, but only about 30% at Mawson during February and March.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Antarctica ; aerosol particles ; ice ; biogeochemical cycles ; sulfate ; nitrate ; methanesulfonate ; lcad-210 ; boryllium-7 ; sea-salt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract High volume aerosol samples were collected continuously at Mawson, Antarctica (67°36'S, 62°30'E), from February 1987 through October 1989. All samples were analyzed for Na+, Cl-, SO4 =, NO3 -, methanesulfonate (MSA), NH4 +,7Be, and210Pb. The annual mean concentrations of many of the species are very low, substantially lower than even those over the relatively pristine regions of the tropical and subtropical South Pacific. The concentrations at Mawson are comparable both in magnitude and in seasonality to those which have been measured in long term studies at the South Pole and at the coastal German Antarctic research station, Georg von Neumayer (GvN). This comparability suggests that the aerosol composition may be relatively uniform over a broad sector of the Antarctic. The concentrations of most of the species exhibit very strong and sharply-defined seasonal cycles. MSA, non-sea-salt (nss) SO4 = and NH4 + all exhibit similar cycles, with maxima during the austral summer (December through February) being more than an order of magnitude higher than the winter minima. The limited7Be data appears to exhibit a similar cycle. Although nitrate and210Pb also exhibit relatively high concentrations during the austral summer, their cycles are far more complex than those of the previous species with indications of multiple peaks. As expected, the concentration of sea-salt (as indicated by Na+ and Cl-) peaks during the winter. The results from multiple variable regression analyses indicate that the dominant source of nss SO4 = is the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) which produces MSA and nss SO4 = in a ratio of about 0.31 (about five times higher than that over the tropical and subtropical oceans). However, a very significant fraction (about 25%) of the nss SO4 = is associated with NO3 -, The seasonal cycle of NO3 - is similar to that of210Pb and distinctly different from that of7Be and MSA. These results indicate that the major source of NO3 - over Antarctica is probably continental as opposed to stratospheric or marine biogenic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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