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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Storage temperature and differing methods of sample preparation in the measurement of urinary albumin (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 993-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; urinary albumin ; sample storage temperature ; sample handling ; immunoturbidimetry ; radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microalbuminuria is a predictor of persistent proteinuria, renal failure and cardiovascular disease and therefore accurate determination of urinary albumin concentration is important. We examined the stability of albumin in urine under different conditions of storage, temperature and sample preparation. There was no significant difference in urinary albumin concentration between fresh urine and urine stored at either 4°C or 20°C for up to 7 days. Similarly in urine samples from diabetic patients there was no significant difference in albumin concentration at levels ranging from 1.3 to 1999.3 mg/l between fresh urine at 4°C and urine stored frozen for 1 week, 1 month or 6 months. Neither storage temperature (−20°C or −40°C) nor centrifugation of sample prior to assay made a significant difference to the albumin concentration. Multiple freezing and thawing of urine samples during 6 weeks of storage at −20°C made no difference to albumin concentrations. Storage of urine samples in either polypropylene, polystyrene or borosilicate glass tubes did not result in a significant change in urinary albumin concentration after either 1 week or 1 month at −20°C although, after 1 month of storage, urinary albumin concentrations tended to be lower by an average of approximately 7%. In tubes to which gelatine had been added this was reduced to 4%. We conclude that fresh urine can be kept at 4°C or 20°C for up to 7 days. Frozen urine samples can be stored for up to 6 months before assay without any loss of albumin concentration. Polypropylene, polystyrene or borosilicate glass tubes are acceptable containers for short-term storage and samples can simply be thoroughly thawed and vortex mixed immediately prior to assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374489
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose-induced changes in renal haemodynamics in proteinuric Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: inhibition by acetylsalicilic acid infusion (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 622-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy ; renal haemodynamics ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; lysine-acetyl-salicilate ; hyperglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of hyperglycaemia on renal function in diabetic nephropathy remains poorly understood. We investigated the renal haemodynamic response to an acute plasma glucose rise from sustained euglycaemia to sustained hyperglycaemia in eight persistently proteinuric Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Studies were performed in a double-blind cross-over manner after i.v. injection of 450 mg lysine acetylsalicilate (equivalent to 250 mg acetylsalicilic acid) or equal volume of 0.9% NaCl (isotonic saline). In the isotonic saline experiments hyperglycaemia produced a significant rise, by approximately 35%, in glomerular filtration rate in all patients from 41.5±5.2 to 55±6 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2 (p〈0.005) and an increase in sodium paraminohippurate clearance from 178±22.7 to 220±20.0 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2 (p〈0.05). These changes took place within the first 30 min of glucose infusion and were maintained for a 90 min hyperglycaemic period. Filtration fraction did not change significantly. Infusion of lysine acetylsalicilate lowered baseline glomerular filtration rate (isotonic saline vs lysine acetylsalicilate 41.5±5.2 vs 30.0±5.7 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2; p〈0.05) and significantly blunted the rise in glomerular filtration rate during hyperglycaemia (glomerular filtration rate increment: saline vs lysine acetylsalicilate: 13.6±2.8 vs 5.3±1.8 ml·min−1 ·1.73 m−2; p〈0.005). The effects on renal plasma flow were similarly blunted. In five additional patients, time- and volume-controlled isotonic saline experiments during sustained euglycaemia showed no significant changes in glomerular filtration rate and sodium paraminohippurate clearance. In Type 1 diabetic patients with advanced renal failure, acute hyperglycaemia induces a significant elevation in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow which is likely to be mediated by renal prostaglandin production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404071
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased glomerular permeability to albumin induced by exercise in diabetic subjects (1978)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 14 (1978), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy ; albumin ; β 2-microglobulin ; exercise ; hyperglycaemia ; microangiopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of albumin was measured in insulin-dependent diabetics under ordinary conditions of life and in response to exercise. Possible mechanisms of exercise induced albuminuria in diabetics were also investigated. Under ordinary conditions of life the insulin-treated diabetics, as a group, had a higher mean urinary albumin excretion than normal controls; however, half of the diabetics had albumin excretion rates within the control range. A given exercise load (600 kpm/min for 20 min) produced an exaggerated albumin excretion in diabetics, particularly evident in the post-exercise period. The elevated urinary albumin excretion was due to an increased transglomerular passage of albumin, not to reduced tubular reabsorption. The increase was not associated with differences in blood pressure or urine flow between controls and diabetics. This exercise test has proved to be a suitable provocation test to unmask abnormalities in the glomerular handling of albumin that might not be recognisable at rest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01223019
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A screening programme for microalbuminuria at a diabetes clinic in Apulia, southern Italy (1992)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 29 (1992), S. 234-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Diabetic nephropathy ; Microalbuminuria ; Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microalbuminuria is a predictor of renal and cardiovascular disease in both type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetes. We report on a screening programme for microalbuminuria at a diabetes clinic in Italy. All diabetic patients without Albustix-positive proteinuria attending the clinic between April and September 1991 were screened. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, on an early morning sterile urine sample, 〉3 in at least two consecutive urine collections. Three hundred and fifty patients, 45 (20 female, 25 female) type 1 and 305 (145 male, 160 female) type 2 diabetics, were examined. The age range was 18–42 years and 36–73 years and duration of diabetes 1–24 and 1–35 years for type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients respectively. Blood pressure, lipids, glycosylated haemoglobin, body mass index and insulin dose, where appropriate, were measured in all patients. Microalbuminuria was found in 8 (22%) of the type 1 diabetics. These patients had a longer duration of diabetes (17.5 vs 7.4 years,P〈0.001), higher diastolic blood pressure (86±2.1 vs 76±2.6 mmHg,P〈0.05) and an increased total serum cholesterol level (203±23 vs 180±25 mg/dl,P〈0.05) compared with diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Of the type 2 diabetic patients 95 (33%) were found to have microalbuminuria and 210 (69%) nor-moalbumiuria. The prevalence of hypertension (defined blood pressure 〉140/90 mmHg or antihypertensive treatment) and of dyslipidaemia (defined as total cholesterol 〉200 and triglycerides 〉170 or hypolipidaemic treatment) were significantly higher (P〈0.001 and 0.01 respectively) in patients with microalbuminuria. This study shows a prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients similar to that reported in surveys of diabetes clinic outpatients in northern Europe. The association between microalbuminuria and recognized risk factors for cardiovascular and renal disease justifies screening programmes for microalbuminuria for early detection of “at-risk” diabetic patients and for the implementation of preventive therapeutic measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573495
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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