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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pavlovian conditioning ; Slow potentials ; Event-related potentials ; Gamma-band activity ; Skin conductance ; Motor conditioning ; Cholinergic modulation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined slow potentials, transient event-related potentials, and oscillatory-like responses in the electroencephalogram during aversive conditioning in humans, in order to determine what is happening in the neocortex when behavioral adaptations are learned. Pictures of an angry and a happy human face served as rein-forced (CS+) and unreinforced (CS-) conditioned stimu li, respectively, in one group, and either the reversed condition or two discriminably different neutral faces in two other groups (total n=48 subjects). The unconditioned stimulus (US) was intracutaneous shock delivered to the left hand 5 s after CS+ onset. The electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded from Fz, Cz, Pz, C3, and C4, electromyographic (EMG) activity from bilateral forearm and corrugator muscles, and skin conductance from the right hand. During acquisition a negative slow potential developed after CS+ (not CS-), which was more pronounced when a neutral face served as CS+. Early (iCNV, initial contingent negative variation) and late (tCNV, terminal contingent negative variation) components of the slow-potential response were positively related to the magnitude of conditioned EMG responses. Differentiation of tCNV was larger when neutral faces signaled the US; iCNV persisted during extinction when a happy face served as CS+. Late-occurring event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by the US diminished over conditioning, whereas short-latency US components and ERPs elicited by CS events did not. Fourier analysis revealed oscillatory (“gamma-band”) activity between 30 and 40 Hz, which persisted up to 3 s after US delivery and diminished as conditioning progressed. Our findings indicate that learning is expressed in neocortical structures at the earliest stages of conditioning. The functional roles of the three types of EEG response in learning are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 233 (1983), S. 471-488 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Event-related potentials ; CNV ; PINV ; PCA ; Anhedonia ; Stimulus discrimination ; Depression ; Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale ; CNV ; PINV ; PCA ; Anhedonie ; Zusätzliche Reize ; Depressionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (langsame Potentiale, evozierte Potentiale) und autonome Reaktionen wurden in einem S1–S2-Reaktionszeitparadigma bei Personen erhoben, die auf einer Anhedonieskala hohe oder niedrige (Kontrollgruppe) Werte aufwiesen. Die Verteilung der Anhedoniewerte wurde für verschiedene Gruppen (Studenten, Soldaten, Schizophrene, Depressive) verglichen. Während des sechssekündigen Antizipationsintervalles wurde in 50% der Durchgänge (zufällig) ein dem imperativen Reiz ähnlicher Reiz dargeboten; die Probanden sollten aber nur auf den S2 hin mit Knopfdruck reagieren. Bei Probanden mit hohen Anhedoniewerten zeigt sich gegenüber Kontrollpersonen eine stärkere negative langsame Potentialverschiebung vor dem Zeitpunkt des zusätzlichen Reizes (AS) sowie ein geringerer Rückgang der Negativierung nach dem S2 (PINV). Die Negativierung vor dem AS sowie die ‚'slow wave” auf den S1 variieren mit der bedingten Wahrscheinlichkeit des AS, jedoch weniger deutlich bei Anhedonikern. Der AS selbst löst bei allen Probanden eine positive Verschiebung aus. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine beeinträchtigte Fähigkeit zur Kontingenzermittlung bei Anhedonikern vermuten.
    Notes: Summary Slow brain potentials, evoked potentials and autonomic responses were investigated in anhedonic subjects and controls. The distribution of physical anhedonia (PA) scores from different samples (students, soldiers, schizophrenics, depressives) is compared. Within a S1–S2 reaction time paradigm, an additional, S2-similar stimulus was introduced during the anticipation interval in 50% of trials (pseudorandom). Subjects had to press the button only to the S2. The additional stimulus (AS) elicits a distinct positive deflection. Anhedonics show larger pre-AS negativity and less reduction in negativity after the S2 (PINV) than controls. The slow wave to S1 as well as the pre-AS negativity vary with the conditional probability of the AS, but to a lesser extent in anhedonics. Anhedonics provide more preparatory negativity prior to and following ambiguous or difficult discrimination tasks, but at the frontal site. Results may suggest impaired contingency evaluation in anhedonic subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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