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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Slow potentials, event-related potentials, “gamma-band” activity, and motor responses during aversive conditioning in humans (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 112 (1996), S. 298-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pavlovian conditioning ; Slow potentials ; Event-related potentials ; Gamma-band activity ; Skin conductance ; Motor conditioning ; Cholinergic modulation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined slow potentials, transient event-related potentials, and oscillatory-like responses in the electroencephalogram during aversive conditioning in humans, in order to determine what is happening in the neocortex when behavioral adaptations are learned. Pictures of an angry and a happy human face served as rein-forced (CS+) and unreinforced (CS-) conditioned stimu li, respectively, in one group, and either the reversed condition or two discriminably different neutral faces in two other groups (total n=48 subjects). The unconditioned stimulus (US) was intracutaneous shock delivered to the left hand 5 s after CS+ onset. The electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded from Fz, Cz, Pz, C3, and C4, electromyographic (EMG) activity from bilateral forearm and corrugator muscles, and skin conductance from the right hand. During acquisition a negative slow potential developed after CS+ (not CS-), which was more pronounced when a neutral face served as CS+. Early (iCNV, initial contingent negative variation) and late (tCNV, terminal contingent negative variation) components of the slow-potential response were positively related to the magnitude of conditioned EMG responses. Differentiation of tCNV was larger when neutral faces signaled the US; iCNV persisted during extinction when a happy face served as CS+. Late-occurring event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by the US diminished over conditioning, whereas short-latency US components and ERPs elicited by CS events did not. Fourier analysis revealed oscillatory (“gamma-band”) activity between 30 and 40 Hz, which persisted up to 3 s after US delivery and diminished as conditioning progressed. Our findings indicate that learning is expressed in neocortical structures at the earliest stages of conditioning. The functional roles of the three types of EEG response in learning are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227648
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does activation of the baroreceptors reinforce differential Pavlovian conditioning of heart rate responses? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 30 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: High- and low-pitched tones (CS+ and CS−) signalled baroreceptor stimulation or inhibition (US+ and US-) on 6-s conditioning trials (n= 128). Baroreceptor stimulation was induced by the phase-related external suction (PRES) method of Rau et al. (1992) in which a brief pulse of negative external pressure is applied to the neck at systole and one of positive pressure at diastole within each cardiac cycle (the reverse sequence is used for baroreceptor inhibition). Changes in heart period (R-R intervals) confirmed that PRES manipulated the baroreceptors in the presence of CS+ and CS− without habituation over conditioning trials. However, conditioned heart period responses were not observed on test trials (n= 32) in which CS+ and CS− were presented with the baroreceptor manipulation removed. Subjects were unable to state which CS had signalled baroreceptor stimulation and inhibition when given PRES-alone trials after the conditioning phase (differential attention thus controlled). These results (a) confirm that the differential effect of the two PRES stimuli was specific to the baroreceptors and (b) support earlier studies that have found that differential conditioning is impaired when CS−US relations are not processed in attention. We discuss implications regarding when baroreceptor firing might be discriminable and reinforcing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02077.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bilateral Electrodermal and Electrocortical Activity in Anticipation of Sensorimotor Tasks (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The present study investigated the relationship between lateralized sensorimotor activation and lateralized elevation of electrodermal activity. Within a two-stimulus reaction time paradigm skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded from both hands, while subjects awaited and performed unilateral sensorimotor tasks. A tactile warning stimulus was applied 6 s prior to a tactile imperative stimulus either to the same or to the contralateral hand; the imperative stimulus was associated with a choice reaction time task.Task-dependent lateral asymmetry with larger skin conductance responses contralateral to the involved hemisphere indicated contralateral facilitatory processes rather than inhibition. This asymmetry disappeared with repeated stimulation (across trials). Only right-hand (left hemispheric) tasks proved to be sensitive to habituation.The asymmetry, recorded in slow brain potentials (SPs), assured that lateralized cortical processing was induced through the present experimental arrangement. The brain potentials specified the time course of lateralized processing, exhibiting larger late negative shifts at the precentral areas contralateral to the hand involved in the sensorimotor task and larger early negativity and a more pronounced positive evoked potential (late positive complex, LPC) contralateral to the hand stimulated by the tactile warning stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb00985.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of a Role for Response Plans and Self-Monitoring in Biofeedback (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 22 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Subjects in a control group were given feedback training for two unidentified visceral responses (increases and decreases in heart rate) and were then asked to provide a verbal report describing what they had done to control the feedback displays. Judges were given these reports and asked to determine training condition (increase heart rate on A trials and decrease heart rate on B trials, or the reverse) from them. Subjects in an experimental group received the same procedure but were also asked for a verbal report prior to receiving their first feedback display and thenceforth after each of the first 10 trials of feedback training. The results showed that: a) success at biofeedback learning is accompanied by verbal awareness of activities contributing to response production, and b) learning can be predicted (r= .80) by probing the subject's problem space before he has seen his first feedback trial. Extensive verbal probing of experimental subjects did not eventuate in superior learning in this group. The nature and role of problem-solving activity in biofeedback are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01628.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation of Learned Heart Rate Control to Self-Report in Different Task Environments (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A widely-expressed view based on early studies of the verbal report in biofeedback holds that response awareness is unnecessary for learned control of visceral responding. However, more recent evidence has questioned this view. This article reports two experiments that analyzed verbal reports with the methods of recent studies while examining procedural differences between early and recent research. Experiment 1 assessed the effects of bidirectional versus unidirectional training on heart rate control and self-report. Experiment 2 examined heart rate control and self-report in two task environments that differed with regard to whether somatomotor action was afforded or allowed. No instances of response learning without response awareness were observed in either experiment, even when task environments approximating those of the early biofeedback studies were used. The results support viewpoints of biofeedback that assign a role to response awareness in the development of instructed control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01254.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-Report During Feedback Regulation of Slow Cortical Potentials (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 26 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Subjects received exteroceptive feedback for bidirectional changes in slow cortical potentials or alpha power measured from the vertex. The slow potential group succeeded in shifting slow potentials toward negativity and positivity on feedback and transfer trials requiring these changes, after two sessions of training. Differentiation of negativity and positivity was accompanied by verbal reports of somatomotor activation that occurred on trials on which negative slow potentials were required (p 〈 .01). Vertical and lateral eye movements, chin and frontalis electromyogram, and heart rate did not differentiate between negativity and positivity trials in the slow potential group. However, heart rate acceleration correlated between-subjects with slow potential negativity during feedback. Although the alpha power group did not succeed at controlling changes in alpha, evidence of a training effect appeared in verbal reports of emotional arousal (p〈 .05) and focused vision (p〈 .08) on alpha suppression trials in this group. We discuss the findings from the viewpoint that biofeedback tasks involving electrocortical responses are problems in the organization of action that subjects seek to solve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01941.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of Slow Cortical Potentials by Instrumentally Learned Blood Pressure Responses (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 29 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: We assessed whether instrumentally-learned pressor responses inhibit electrocortical acitivity, as predicted by learning theories of idiopathic hypertension. Subjects received beat-by-beat feedback for increases and decreases in mean arterial pressure measured from the finger (Peñáz method). Slow potentials were recorded from the midsagittal line during the final training session. Also recorded at this time were heart rate, eye movements, respiration, and post-session verbal reports of the subject's control strategies. Thirteen of 14 subjects differentiated blood pressure increases and decreases at p〈.05 or better during the final session (within-subject discriminative operant procedure). Slow potentials were less negative on blood pressure increase compared to decrease trials at all midsagittal sites (p〈.02), indicating relative cortical inhibition by pressor responses. This effect occurred even though subjects reported tensing of muscles on increase trials (p〈.01), a behavioral activity previously associated with augmented rather than diminished cortical negativity. On increase trials slow potentials shifted toward positivity just prior to heart rate deceleration (the latter effect confirming activation of the baroreceptors).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01678.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 392 (1998), S. 811-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Acoustic stimuli are processed throughout the auditory projection pathway, including the neocortex, by neurons that are aggregated into ‘tonotopic’ maps according to their specific frequency tunings. Research on animals has shown that tonotopic representations are not statically ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33918
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the mechanisms and some properties of instructed sudomotor and cardiac control (1978)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 3 (1978), S. 105-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Instructed control defined as differential compliance with verbal instructions to increase and decrease a response was assessed when a change in sudomotor activation or heart rate was specified as the behavioral goal. Instructed control of heart rate was evident prior to explicit feedback training for this response, but instructed control of sudomotor activation defined as finger sweating and measured as skin conductance was not. Feedback training subsequently established instructed control of sudomotor responding, but such training did not lead to a significant improvement in control of heart rate. Explicit strategy suggestions emphasizing emotional responding and intended or actual movement appeared to interfere with the performance of instructed control under both target conditions. Instructed changes in heart rate were attended by correlated changes in somatomotor and respiratory function. Somatomotor and respiratory responses were also observed when subjects were instructed to change sudomotor activation, but these correlated activities were of small magnitude and were not augmented by feedback training as was target responding. Several accounts of the basis for differences that were evident between the target conditions with respect to feedback effects and response patterns are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998897
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