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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Distal tubule ; Sodium chloride transport ; Cellular sodium activity ; Furosemide ; Amphiuma kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous experiments had demonstrated that cell chloride activities in early distal tubule cells of Amphiuma are above equilibrium distribution. Chloride activities fell sharply towards electrochemical equilibrium following perfusion of the tubular lumen with furosemide or with sodium-free solutions. These results suggested a furosemide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransport system in the luminal cell membrane. The present experiments were carried out to evaluate directly the electrochemical driving forces acting on sodium ions under similar experimental conditions. Intracellular sodium activity measurements were performed in the doublyperfused kidney of Amphiuma by means of single-barreled liquid ion-exchange microelectrodes. Basolateral cell membrane potential and resistance ratio measurements of tubular cell membranes were also carried out under control conditions and after inhibition of chloride transport by luminal application of furosemide (5 · 10−5 mol/l) or by omission of chloride. Control conditions were characterized by a steep downhill electrochemical gradient for sodium ions from lumen to cell. Inhibition of chloride transport led to a sharp decrease of intracellular sodium activity and to hyperpolarization of the peritubular membrane potential while the resistance ratio of the tubular cell membranes did not change significantly. These results demonstrate the presence of low cellular sodium activities in early distal tubule cells. The sharp decline of cell sodium after furosemide and after luminal chloride removal is consistent with inhibition of a sodium chloride cotransport system and continued peritubular sodium extrusion. The latter can increase the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions beyond that observed under control conditions.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Potassium ; Microelectrodes ; Potassium transport ; Furosemide ; Potassium adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous experiments in the early distal tubule of the doubly perfused kidney ofAmphiuma demonstrated net reabsorption of potassium (K) which is reversed to net K secretion after K adaptation. Furthermore, it is known that this particular segment exhibits extensive chloride (Cl) net reabsorption which depends on the presence of sodium (Na) and which is inhibited by furosemide. In order to test for a possible interrelationship between NaCl and K transport, K activity in lumen and cell, transepithelial electrical potential difference, peritubular cell membrane potentials and volume reabsorption were measured in control animals and after K adaptation, in presence and absence of furosemide. In control animals the direction of net K transport is reversed from reabsorption to secretion upon addition of furosemide or following the removal of Cl from the tubular lumen. Volume reabsorption is inhibited by some 80%. In K adapted animals a similar inhibition of volume reabsorption is observed, however K secretion is not further enhanced. In control as well as in K-adpated animals intracellular K activities are still above electrochemical equilibrium after furosemide. The data suggest that a common transport system for Na, Cl and K is present in the luminal cell membrane which is inhibited by furosemide, K secretion observed in controls after furosemide and in K-adapted animals is driven by the cell to lumen electrochemical gradient for K across the K permeable luminal cell membrane. The shift of the luminal pump-leak system towards K secretion following K adaptation may be explained by an increase of the luminal K conductance and/or by a reduction of the activity of the luminal cotransport system. However, other mechanisms may also contribute to the observed phenomenon of K adaptation and cannot be ruled out at present.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 404 (1985), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Proximal tubule ; Cell membrane potential ; Potassium conductance ; Cell membrane resistance ; Sodium coupled transport ; Phenylalanine ; Frog kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of sodium-coupled transport on the electrical properties of proximal tubule cells in the isolated perfused frog kidney. Cable analysis techniques have been employed to determine the resistance of the luminal and peritubular cell membranes in parallel (R m) and the apparent ratio of the luminal over the peritubular cell membrane resistance (VDR). Furthermore, the sensitivity of the potential difference across the peritubular cell membrane (PDpt) to 6-fold increases of peritubular potassium concentration (ΔPDk) was taken as a measure of the relative potassium conductance of this membrane. In the absence of luminal phenylalanine, PDpt amounts to −60±1 mV (n=90),R m to 36±3 kΩ cm (n=22), VDR to 1.81±0.14 (n=20), and ΔPDk to 15.0±0.9 mV (n=25). The application of 10 mmol/l phenylalanine replacing 10 mmol/l raffinose leads to a rapid (within 30 s) depolarisation of PDpt to 50±5% of its control value and to a delayed (within 12 min) recovery to 95±5% of control. The rapid depolarisation is associated with a decline ofR m and VDR, indicating a decrease mainly of the luminal cell membrane resistance. During recovery of PDpt there is a parallel increase of VDR and a further decline ofR m pointing to a decline of the basolateral cell membrane resistance. ΔPDk is decreased during rapid depolarisation but increases again during the recovery phase. Thus, phenylalanine initially decreases but then increases above control the apparent potassium conductance. Removal of phenylalanine leads to a transient hyperpolarisation and increased apparent potassium conductance. If a cell is depolarised by current injection into a neighbouring cell, a similar decrease of ΔPDk is observed which shows also a similar recovery (partial repolarisation) despite continued injection of constant current. The data point to a potential-dependent peritubular K+-conductance (of the inwardly rectifying type) and to a regulatory increase within some ten minutes, when the cell is depolarised either by sodium entry across the luminal cell membrane or by current injection into a neighbouring cell.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1173-1179 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Distal tubule ; Furosemide ; Ion-sensitive microelectrodes ; Sodium chloride cotransport ; Potassium adaptation ; Distaler Tubulus ; Furosemid ; Ionen-sensitive Microelektroden ; Natrium Chlorid Kotransport ; Kaliumadaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimente am distalen Tubulus der doppelt perfundierten Niere des Amphiuma wurden ausgeführt, um die aktiven und passiven Kräfte zu bestimmen, die in die Transportprozesse von Kalium, Natrium und Chlorid involviert sind. Ionen-sensitive und konventionelle Mikroelektroden wurden verwendet, um intrazelluläre Ionenaktivitäten, Zellmembranpotentiale und Kalium- und Chlorid Nettoflüsse unter Kontrollbedingungen und während Hemmung des aktiven Transports abzuschätzen. Auf der Basis folgender Beobachtungen wird ein Natrium-Chlorid Kotransport postuliert, der in der luminalen Zellmembran lokalisiert ist: Entfernung von Natrium aus dem Tubuluslumen hemmt die Furosemid empfindliche Chloridresorption, verringert die luminal positive transepitheliale Potentialdifferenz und führt zu dramatischem Abfall des intrazellulären Chlorids. Die Experimente schlagen ferner vor, daß Kaliumionen im Natrium-Chlorid Transportsystem involviert sind, weil die Kaliumresorption durch Furosemid gehemmt wird, und weil intrazelluläres Natrium signifikant abfällt, wenn die Kaliumionen aus der Tubulusflüssigkeit entfernt werden. Weiters gibt es experimentelle Hinweise, daß nach der Kalium Adaptation der luminale Kalium-Aufnahmemechanismus unterdrückt ist. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist der Kaliumtransport unempfindiich auf Furosemid. Die Daten schlagen ein Furosemid empfindliches Kotransport-System für Natrium, Chlorid und Kalium in der luminalen Zellmembran vor. Die Energie für diesen Carriervermittelten Transportprozeß wird von einem großen „Bergab“-Gradienten von Natrium über die luminale Zellmembran bereitgestellt, der seinerseits durch die in der peritubulären Zellmembran lokalisierte Natriumpumpe aufrechterhalten wird.
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed in the distal tubule of the doubly-perfused kidney of Amphiuma to determine active and passive forces, involved in the transport processes of potassium, sodium and chloride. Ion-sensitive microelectrodes and conventional microelectrodes were applied to estimate intracellular ion activities, cell membrane potentials and net flux of potassium and chloride under control conditions and during inhibition of active transport. Sodium chloride cotransport, located in the luminal cell membrane is postulated, based on the following observations: Total omission of sodium from the tubular lumen inhibits furosemide sensitive chloride reabsorption, decreases the lumen positive transepithelial potential difference and leads to a dramatic decrease of intracellular chloride. The experiments further suggest that potassium ions are involved in the sodium chloride transport system because potassium reabsorption is inhibited by furosemide and because intracellular sodium falls significantly when potassium ions are removed from the tubular fluid. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence that the luminal potassium uptake mechanism is suppressed after potassium adaptation. Under these conditions potassium transport is found to be insensitive to furosemide. The data suggest a furosemide sensitive contransport system for sodium, chloride and potassium, operative in the luminal cell membrane. The energy for this carrier-mediated transport process is provided by the large “downhill” gradient of sodium across the luminal cell membrane which is maintained by the sodium pump located in the peritubular cell membrane.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diluting segment ; Cell fusion ; Intracellular pH ; Cell membrane potential ; Frog kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of intracellular pH (pHi) and transepithelial H+ secretion on the cell membrane potential (V m) was tested applying pH-sensitive and conventional microelectrodes in giant cells fused from single epithelial cells of the diluting segment and in intact tubules of the frog kidney. An increase of extracellular K+ concentration from 3 to 15 mmol/l decreasedV m from −49±4 to −29±1 mV while pHi increased from 7.44±0.04 to 7.61±0.06. Addition of 1 mmol/l Ba2+ depolarizedV m from −45±3 to −32±2 mV, paralleled by an increase of pHi from 7.46±0.04 to 7.58±0.03. Application of 0.05 mmol/l furosemide hyperpolarizedV m from −48±3 to −53±3 mV and decreased pHi from 7.47±0.05 to 7.42±0.05. In the intact diluting segment of the isolated-perfused frog kidney an increase of peritubular K+ concentration from 3 to 15 mmol/l increased the luminal pH from 7.23±0.08 to 7.41±0.08. Addition of Ba2+ to the peritubular perfusate also increased luminal pH from 7.35±0.07 to 7.46±0.07. Addition of furosemide decreased luminal pH from 7.32±0.03 to 7.24±0.05. We conclude: cell depolarization reduces the driving force for the rheogenic HCO 3 − exit step across the basolateral cell membrane. HCO 3 − accumulates in the cytoplasm and pHi increases. An alkaline pHi inactivates the luminal Na+/H+ exchanger. This diminishes transepithelial H+ secretion. Cell hyperpolarization leads to the opposite phenomenon. Thus, pHi serves as signal transducer between cell voltage and Na+/H+ exchange.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: cAMP ; Frog kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Ionsensitive microelectrodes ; Sodium transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed in proximal tubule of the isolated perfused frog kidney to evaluate peritubular cell membrane potentials (PDpt), and the intracellular ion activities of sodium (Nai ü), chloride (Cli −) and potassium (Ki ü) under control conditions and following peritubular application of dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (cAMP, 2·10−4mol·l−1). Conventional and ion-sensitive microelectrodes were applied to record continuously cAMP-induced changes of these parameters in individual proximal tubule cells. Within a few minutes a significant hyperpolarisation of PDpt (Δ=2.0±0.2 mV) occurs simultaneously with a decrease of Nai ü (Δ=2.5±0.5 mmol·l−1). Ki ü increases (Δ=3.6±0.9 mmol·l−1) and Cli − decreases (0.4±0.07 mmol·l−1) slightly, but significantly. With both ions the alterations of the chemical gradient is significantly smaller than the potential shift. PDte is not significantly altered by cAMP. The cAMP-induced hyperpolarisation of PDpt can be observed in presenceand absence of luminal glucose. However, omission of Naü from the luminal perfusate abolishes the hyperpolarising effect of cAMP on PDpt. The results suggest that cAMP reduces sodium entry from the lumen into the cell, thus hyperpolarising the cell membrane and decreasing Nai ü. Persistance of sensitivity of PDpt to cAMP after omission of glucose indicates that other Naü coupled transport processes and/or passive Naü conductance are affected by cAMP. the changes of Ki ü and Cli − are secondary, following the change of PDpt.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Amphibian kidney ; Potassium ; Chloride ; Barium ; Furosemide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments in the amphibian early distal tubule have shown that Cl transport is secondarily active, coupled to the flux of Na and dependent on the presence of luminal K. Omission of luminal K results in a decrease of cellular Na, a finding that suggests inhibition of luminal Na entry. In the present study intracellular chloride activity (Cli) and peritubular cell membrane potentials (PDpt) were evaluated before and after omission of luminal K. Furthermore, the effect of inhibition of the luminal K conductance by barium on the electrochemical gradient of Cl (E te Cl ) across the distal epithelium was determined at static head conditions. Experiments were performed in early distal segments of the isolated perfused kidney ofAmphiuma andRana esculenta. Cli and PDpt were measured simultaneously in single cells by double barreled Cl sensitive microelectrodes in the presence and absence of luminal K. E te Cl was determined at zero net flux conditions with single barreled electrodes in control tubules, in the presence of barium (3·10−3 mol/l) and in the presence of furosemide (5·10−5 mol/l). In 26 individual cellular impalements omission of luminal K hyperpolarized PDpt from 72.5±1.2 to 90.0±1.9 mV (cell interior negative). Concomitantly, Cli fell from 8.5±0.4 to 5.4±0.3 mmol/l. Both effects occurred within seconds and were fully reversible. Addition of barium to the luminal fluid diminished E te Cl (directed lumen positive) from a control value of 39.5±1.4 mV to 28.5±2.5mV. E te Cl could be further diminished to 14.1±2.1 mV and to 1.3±0.5 mV after application of barium on both sides and after luminal application of furosemide, respectively. The experiments indicate that active Cl uptake across the luminal cell membrane depends critically on the presence of luminal K. Omission of luminal K achieved either by perfusing the lumen with K-free solutions or by inhibition of K back flux from the cell interior into the lumen by barium reduces Cl reabsorption. Together with previous data on the K dependence of the Na uptake the present experiments support the hypothesis of a common transport system for K, Na, Cl located in the luminal cell membrane.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diluting segment ; Furosemide ; K+-conductance ; Amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed in the isolated perfused kidney of K+ adaptedRana pipiens to investigate the relationship between luminal K+ conductance and H+ transport in cells of the diluting segment. Inhibition of luminal Na+/H+ exchange by amiloride or by omission of luminal Na+ blocked luminal K+ conductance. Acidification of the kidney perfusate by elevation of pCO2 also reduced luminal K+ conductance. This effect could be prevented by furosemide. Since the steepest transcellular Na+ potential difference, directed from the lumen into the cell, is found when luminal Na+/Cl−/K+ cotransport is inhibited by furosemide, we conclude that luminal Na+/H+ exchange is most efficient at these conditions and thus could attenuate intracellular acidification.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Ouabain ; Frog kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Ion sensitive microelectrodes ; Na+/K+ pump ; Intracellular K+, Na+, Cl−, pH, Ca2+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using conventional and ion selective microelectrodes, the effect of ouabain (10−4 mol/l) on peritubular cell membrane potential (PDpt), on intracellular pH (pHi) as well as on the intracellular ion activities of Cl− (Cl i − ), K+ (K i + ), Na+ (Na i + ) and Ca2+ (Ca i 2+ ) was studied in proximal tubules of the isolated perfused frog kidney. In the absence of ouabain (PDpt=−57.0±1.9 mV), the electrochemical potential difference of chloride (apparent {ie6-1} and of potassium {ie6-2} is directed from cell to bath, of H+ {ie6-3}, of Na+ {ie6-4} and of Ca2+ {ie6-5} from bath to cell. Ouabain leads to a gradual decline of PDpt, which is reduced to half (PDpt, 1/2) within 31±4.6 min (in presence of luminal glucose and phenylalanine), and to a decline of the absolute values of apparent {ie6-6}, of {ie6-7}, {ie6-8} and {ie6-9}. In contrast, an increase of {ei6-10} is observed. At PDpt, 1/2 apparent Cl i − increases by 6.2±1.0 mmol/l, pHi by 0.13±0.03, Ca i 2+ by 185±21 nmol/l, and Na i + by 34.2±4.6 mmol/l, whereas K i + decreases by 37.7±2.2 mmol/l. The results suggest that the application of ouabain is followed by a decrease of peritubular cell membrane permeability to K+, by an accumulation of Ca2+, Na+ and HCO 3 - in the cell and by a dissipation of the electrochemical Cl− gradient.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Frog kidney ; Proximal tubule ; Glucose transport ; Ouabain ; Cell membrane potential ; Intracellular sodium ; Microelectrodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase by ouabain eventually abolishes transport of glucose. The present study was performed to test, if this effect is due to a dissipation of the electrochemical gradient for sodium or due to a regulatory inhibition of sodium-coupled glucose entry across the luminal membrane at increasing intracellular sodium activity. To this end, proximal convoluted tubules of the doubly perfused isolated frog kidney were perfused alternatively with solutions containing either 5 mmol/l glucose or raffinose. The potential difference across the peritubular cell membrane (PDpt) and across the epithelium (PDpt) has been recorded with conventional and across the peritubular cell membrane with ion selective microelectrodes (PDpt). In the absence of luminal glucose PDpt is (±SEM) −54.0±2.4 mV, PDte=−1.2±2.0 mV and PD pt Na =−96±5 mV. The electrochemical gradient for sodium (μNa+) amounts to 95 mV and intracellular sodium activity to 14 mmol/l (extracellular sodium activity is 74 mmol/l). Luminal application of glucose leads to a rapid depolarisation of PDpt (ΔPDpt=8.6±0.9 mV and PD pt Na (ΔPD pt Na =11.1±3.0 mV) and to hyperpolarisation of PDte (ΔPDte=−0.8±0.2 mV). The peritubular application of ouabain leads to a gradual, reversible and proportional decline of PDpt, PD pt Na and μNa+. Glucose induced ΔPDpt and ΔPD pt Na decrease in parallel to PDpt and PD pt Na , resp. In a separate series, the lumped conductance (G m) of the luminal and basolateral cell membrane has been determined, which amounts to 2.4±0.3 μS/mm (tubule length).G m decreases 23±4%, when PDpt is decreased to half. ΔPDpt andG m allow the calculation of an apparent transport rate (T Glu). Following the application of ouabain,T Glu decreases in linear proportion to PDpt and PD pt Na . There is no evidence for a significant regulatory inhibition ofT Glu. Rather, glucose transport operates in linear proportion to the potential difference across the luminal membrane.
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