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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lucilia cuprina ; Diptera ; Calliphoridae ; oocyte resorption ; maturation ; development rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux de développement ovarien de L. cuprina sont déterminés par la température ambiante, et la femelle exige un minimum de 57 degrés-jours audessus de 8°C pour développer son premier lot d'oeufs. Le nombre d'ovocytes qu'une femelle peut former dépend de sa taille et de la quantité d'aliments riches en protéines absorbées. Dans les conditions de la nature, les femelles obtiennent normalement suffisamment de protéines pour atteindre la maturité mais rarement l'ensemble de leur contingent d'oeufs se développe totalement, c'est à dire que la majorité des femelles résorbé une partie de ses ovocytes. La résorption des ovocytes prolonge la période de maturation d'environ 0,3 dégre-jour par ovocyte résorbé. Un modèle de taux de développement ovarien est proposé qui incorpore les retards dus à la résorption et utilise les régimes de température ambiante pour évaluer les âges physiologiques et les taux de maturation des femelles dans la nature.
    Notes: Abstract Rates of ovarian development in L. cuprina are determined by ambient temperatures and females require a minimum of 57 day degrees above 8°C to mature their first complement of eggs. The number of oocytes that a female can mature depends on her size and the amount of protein-rich material ingested. Under field conditions, females usually obtain sufficient protein to reach maturity but rarely mature their full egg complements (Vogt et al., 1985), i.e., most females resorb some of their oocytes. Oocyte resorption prolongs the maturation period by approximately 0.3 day degrees/oocyte resorbed. A model of ovarian development rates is presented which incorporates resorption delays and uses ambient temperature regimes to estimate the physiological ages and maturation rates of field females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lucilia cuprina ; Diptera ; Calliphoridae ; oocyte resorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez Lucilia cuprina Wied., le nombre d'ovarioles, et ainsi le nombre maximum d'oeufs développés au cours de chaque cycle ovarien, est une fonction linéaire de la taille de l'adulte (largeur de la tête). La largeur moyenne de la tête des femelles de la nature est 3 mm (2,3 à 3,5) et la fécondité potentielle moyenne par cycle de 232 oeufs (111 à 318). La fécondité réelle est influencée par la qualité et la quantité de protéines dans le régime alimentaire. Toutes les femelles de la nature semblent avoir les mêmes exigences minimales en protéines pour la maturation des ovocytes, c'est à dire que quelle que soit leur taille (fécondité potentielle) les femelles doivent obtenir les protéines suffisantes à la formation d'au moins 110 ovocytes pour devenir gravides. Les femelles dont l'absorption de protéines dépasse ce minimum, mais est insuffisant pour permettre la maturation de la totalité de leurs ovocytes, en résorbent quelques uns et conduisent à maturité le reste. Puisque la fécondité potentielle augmente avec la taille des mouches, les grosses femelles résorbent plus d'ovocytes que les petites avec un régime suboptimal en protéines, c'est à dire que la proportion d'ovocytes résorbés augmente avec la taille des mouches. Dans les conditions de la nature, la totalité des ovocytes parvient rarement à maturité, ce qui indique une limitation générale en aliments riches en protéines. La réduction moyenne de la fécondité chez les femelles de la nature a été au cours de cette étude de 53.4 oeufs par cycle (23,2%).
    Notes: Abstract In the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, the number of ovarioles, and hence the maximum number of eggs developed in each ovarian cycle, is a linear function of adult size (headwidth). Field females have a mean headwidth of 3.0 mm (range=2.30–3.50 mm) and a mean potential fecundity/cycle of 232 eggs (range=111–318 eggs). Realised fecundity is influenced by the quality and amount of protein in the adult diet. All field females appear to have the same minimum protein requirement for egg maturation, i.e., whatever their size (potential fecundity) females must obtain sufficient protein to mature at least 110 eggs in order to become gravid. Females whose protein intake exceeds this minimum but falls short of the amount needed for maturation of their full egg complements resorb some of their oocytes and mature the remainder. Since potential fecundity increases with fly size, large females resorb more oocytes than small females under suboptimal protein regimes, i.e., the proportion of oocytes resorbed increases with fly size. Under field conditions, females rarely matured full complements of eggs, which indicates a general shortage of protein-rich material. The mean reduction in fecundity of field females during these studies was 53.4 eggs/cycle (23.2%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lucilia cuprina ; blowfly ; autogenous ; anautogenous ; survival ; food deprivation ; females
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La grande majorité des femelles de L. cuprina est anautogène. Cependant, l'observation de femelles autogènes dans la nature, et la sélection au laboratoire d'une lignée autogène à partir d'une souche anautogène indique que cette espèce est susceptible de devenir autogène. Le stade de développement ovarien des femelles capturées dans la nature montre que l'habitat est généralement carencé en aliments riches en protéines susceptibles de permettre le développement ovarien de L. cuprina. Dans de telles conditions, les femelles autogènes devraient être avantagées; leur très grande rareté indique que certains désavantages doivent être associés au génotype autogène. On a constaté que les femelles autogénes qui viennent d'émerger ont une teneur en eau plus faible que les anautogènes; ceci suggère que l'un des coûts possibles de l'autogénie pourraît être une aptitude réduite à supporter les périodes de privation d'eau suivant l'émergence. Pour cette raison, la survie de femelles sauvages anautogènes a été comparée à celles de lignées autogènes sélectionnées au laboratoire, en absence de sucrose, en présence ad lib. de sucrose, ou sans eau ni sucre. Pouvues uniquement de sucrose, les femelles anautogènes survivent 12 heures de plus que les autogènes, tandis qu'en présence exclusive d'eau les femelles autogènes survivent 19 heures de plus. En absence de sucrose et d'eau les femelles anautogènes survivent environ 5 heures de plus. Il semble que la mortalité des femelles autogènes privées totalement d'aliments est due principalement à un stress hydrique, tandis que le sucrose et le stress hydrique ensemble paraissent jouer un rôle dans la mort des femelles anautogènes. Ces résultats montrent que l'autogénie des femelles peut être un désavantage lors des conditions sèches fréquentes dans l'aire de cette espèce.
    Notes: Abstract The vast majority of wild-type females of Lucilia cuprina are anautogenous. The survival of wild-type anautogenous females following emergence was compared with that of females from laboratory-selected autogenous strains, when deprived of sucrose and given ad lib access to water, deprived of water and given ad lib access to sucrose, or deprived of both water and sucrose. Anautogenous females survived substantially longer than autogenous females when only sucrose was supplied, but the opposite applied when the flies were supplied with water only. Anautogenous females survived somewhat longer than autogenous females in the absence of both sucrose and water. Thus, autogenous females might be at a disadvantage in the dry conditions which often prevail in areas occupied by the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sheep blowfly ; Lucilia cuprina ; readiness to lay ; oviposition site-deprivation ; egg-load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de la privation de lieu de ponte a été étudié en comparant les pontes de femelles isolées ayant formé leurs œufs mûrs dans les 24 heures précédentes, à celles de femelles ayant atteint leur maturité sexuelle 8 jours avant. La rétention ovocytaire est provoquée en faisant consommer aux femelles de cette espèce anautogène différentes quantités d'aliments riches en protéines. La ponte de femelles dont le contingent total de leurs ovocytes s'est développé, — c'est-à-dire 260 —, après consommation ad libitum de foie de mouton pendant 48 heures, a été comparée à celle de femelles ayant formé 190 ovocytes mûrs après ingestion d'une quantité limitée de jus de foie. Dans des expériences sans choix, les femelles isolées de différences catégories ont eu accès pendant 4 heures au substrat de ponte trempé: 1) dans du jus de foie, 2) dans du jus dilué 16 fois, 3) dans du jus de foie non dilué mais contenant NaCl (inhibiteur de la ponte) à la concentration de 2 M. Le jus non dilué a provoqué une forte stimulation, induisant la ponte de 80% des femelles. Le jus dilué et celui contenant NaCl n'ont induit la ponte que de 40% des femelles avec des niveaux de stimulation bien plus faibles. La date d'introduction du lieu de ponte et le taux de rétention des ovocytes mûrs n'ont eu auçun effet sur la proportion de femelles réagissant à ces 3 types de stimulation.
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann (Diptera, Calliphoridae) was examined in relation to period of oviposition site-deprivation and egg-load. Effects of oviposition site-deprivation were examined by comparing oviposition performance of individual females that had matured their batch of oocytes within the previous 24 h with that of females which had reached ovarian maturity 8 days previously. Egg-load was manipulated by causing females of this anautogenous species to consume different amounts of protein-rich material. In no-choice experiments, individual females of the different categories were given access for 4 h to oviposition substrate, soaked with (i) liver exudate, (ii) the exudate diluted 16-fold or (iii) the undilated exudate containing the oviposition deterrent sodium chloride at a concentration of 2 M. These solutions elicited oviposition from different proportions of females, but neither these proportions, nor the interval between introduction of the oviposition site and the initiation of oviposition, was significantly affected by the period of oviposition site-deprivation or the number of eggs matured by the females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Protein acquisition ; ovarian development ; mating ; blowfly ; Lucilia cuprina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 442-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Haemolysis ; Phospholipase A ; Direct Lytic Factor ; Polypeptides ; Toxins ; HÄmolyse ; Phospholipase A ; Direkt lytischer Faktor ; Polypeptide ; Toxine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemolytic action on washed guinea-pig red cells of the following substances has been studied: the direct lytic factor (DLF) of cobra venom, melittin and an apamin-containing fraction of bee venom, anaphylatoxin (AT), angiotensin, vasopressin, saponin, p-chloro-mercuribenzoate (p-CMB) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Further the synergism of these substances with phospholipase A in causing haemolysis has been investigated. In regard to the lytic effects, the substances studied can be classified as follows. 1. Substances which react with SH-groups, either by means of -S-S- bonds (DLF, apamin-fraction, AT, vasopressin) or by other structures (p-CMB, NEM) produce weak or no direct haemolysis, but strongly potentiate haemolysis caused by phospholipase A. Their effect is increased by Ca++, inhibited by EDTA, and strongly dependent on temperature (as far as has been investigated). 2. Angiotensin, a peptide without disulfide groups, is not haemolytic, neither directly nor in combination with phospholipase A. Saponin, which does not react with SH-groups, also does not show potentiated haemolysis with phospholipase A in spite of being haemolytic itself. 3. Melittin, though not containing disulfide structures, does produce potentiated haemolysis with phospholipase A, even at concentrations which are not lytic when acting alone. It is concluded that more than one mechanism of potentiating phospholipase A haemolysis exists. One possibility is the reaction of potentiating agents with SH-groups of membrane constituents (enzymes?) of the red cells. This mechanism applies to p-CMB, NEM and to disulfide-containing peptides. It is independent of detergent effects. Another mechanism may be membrane changes due to a lowering of surface tension such as that produced by melittin. It seems doubtful, however, whether this is the only molecular property responsible for the potentiation, as the detergent saponin does not have such an effect. Possibly melittin, in addition to having detergent effects interferes with the same membrane properties which are altered by the SH-reactants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 275 (1972), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Glutathione Reductase ; Glutathione ; Haemolysis ; Direct Lytic Factor ; Disulphides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of glutathione reductase (GR) was measured in haemolysates and red cell membranes of various species. The enzyme levels were compared with the susceptibility of the respective cells to the direct lytic factor (DLF) of cobra venom. A positive correlation was found in so far as cells having high (low) GR activity were highly (little) sensitive to DLF. Further results make it likely that GR is implicated in DLF-induced lysis: 1. By enzymatic assay an interaction of membrane bound GR and DLF was found, as evident from consumption of the coenzyme NADPH. 2. Glutathione in the reduced state (GSH) as well as in the oxidized form (GSSG) inhibited haemolysis by DLF in a dose-dependent manner. A chemical interaction between DLF and glutathione was excluded. 3. NADPH showed a dual effect: it accelerated DLF-induced haemolysis at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations inhibition was evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 282 (1974), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Direct Lytic Factor ; Cobra Venom ; Phospholipase A ; Red Cells ; Haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of increasing the (colloid-)osmotic pressure in the extracellular medium on haemolysis by the direct lytic factor of cobra venom (DLF) and phospholipase A has been investigated. For comparison, N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) and p-chloromercuribenzoate (p-CMB) were used. Dextran and sucrose abolished the haemolytic effect of NEM and p-CMB but reduced only slightly (dextran) or not (sucrose) the weak lytic activity of DLF. Haemolysis by phospholipase A in the presence of DLF, NEM or p-CMB was not significantly inhibited. Hypertonic NaCl solution considerably retarded the onset of haemolysis by DLF plus phospholipase A. The mean corpuscular volume of guinea-pig red cells increased slightly but definitely during incubation with DLF. It is concluded that the haemolytic effect of DLF has non-osmotic as well as osmotic components, and that phospholipase A causes non-osmotic haemolysis. The retardation of haemolysis by hypertonic NaCl probably indicates specific inhibition of bee venom phospholipase A2, not protection of the erythrocytes from osmotic stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 280 (1973), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Direct Lytic Factor ; Cobra Venom ; Red Cells ; Membranes ; Haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The binding of direct lytic factor (DLF) from cobra venom (Naja naja) to intact guinea-pig red cells and to guinea-pig ghosts was estimated quantitatively by bioassay of DLF in the supernatant. 1. DLF was not bound to intact red cells in considerable amounts, during 320 min incubation. 2. The degree of binding to ghosts was much larger than that in suspensions of intact red cells. Binding to ghosts increased with time. 3. Whereas the binding of DLF to ghosts was not much influenced by varying the incubation temperature, its haemolytic activity was completely absent at temperatures below 15°C. By an immunofluorescence technique binding of DLF to erythrocytes was studied morphologically: 1. DLF was only bound to red cell ghosts (guinea pig and rat), but not to intact red cells. This binding was not temperature dependent. 2. Pretreatment of ghosts with SH-reagents such as NEM or PCMB did not prevent binding of DLF. 3. Ghosts prepared by different methods (hypotonic shock, freezing and thawing, ultrasonication, and resealing) were all able to bind DLF to their surface. It is concluded that the binding of small amounts of DLF to intact red cells, observed by bioassay, was due to the presence of a small fraction of lysed cells, and that the binding to ghosts is not related to the lytic effect of DLF but secondary to lysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 274 (1972), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Direct Lytic Factor ; Phospholipase A ; Red Cells ; Ion Permeability ; Haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the direct lytic factor (DLF) of cobra venom, bee venom phospholipase A and of combinations of these two lysins on guinea-pig red cells have been studied. DLF caused an increased permeability to Na ions, swelling of the cells and moderate haemolysis. No prelytic loss of potassium was seen. Phospholipase A produced loss of potassium, considerable gain of sodium, cell swelling, but no remarkable lysis. Combinations of the two venom constituents, more strongly haemolytic, mimicked the effect of the predominant component of the mixture. Thus prelytic loss of potassium was observed when higher concentrations of phospholipase were combined with low concentrations of DLF, but was absent when DLF predominated. The rather low critical volume and spherocytosis of haemolysing red cells exposed to DLF, and the effect of DLF on osmotic stability suggest that DLF has other effects on the cell membrane in addition to those of an osmotic haemolysin.
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