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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dichloromethane on the disappearance rate of ethanol in the blood of rats (1974)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 33 (1974), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Ethanol ; Metabolism ; Disappearance rate ; Animal experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 24 Albino-Wistar rats were exposed to dichloromethane-vapours in a concentration of 4200 ppm over a period of 4 hrs after intraperitoneal application of 2.0 g ethanol per kilogram body weight. The disappearance rate of ethanol was measured between the 80th and 240th min after the beginning of the exposure. In comparison to a control group of 24 other rats not exposed to dichloromethane the blood ethanol concentrations turned out to be significantly higher, although an influence of dichloromethane on the ethanol metabolism could not be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00538921
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronische lösungsmittelbelastung am arbeitsplatz (1976)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 36 (1976), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Hippuric acid ; Thin-layer scanning ; Urine ; Printing works ; Toluol ; Hippursäure ; Chromatogramm-Spektralphotometrie ; Harn ; Tiefdruckbetrieb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine dünnschichtchromatographisch-densitometrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Hippursäurekonzentration im menschlichen Urin beschrieben. Ihre unter den Bedingungen der statistischen Qualitätskontrolle ermittelte Genauigkeit beträgt 6,85%. Die Wiederauffindungsraten lagen zwischen 98,1 und 104,5%. Diese Zuverlässigkeitskriterien werden mit der auf Pagnotto zurückgehenden UV-spektrometrischen Bestimmungsmethode verglichen. Die Selektivität der Methode erlaubt es u.a., die bei einer Mischexposition gegenüber Toluol und Xylolen im Harn auftretenden Tolursäuren von Hippursaure abzutrennen und zu bestimmen. Die dünnschichtchromatographisch bestimmte mittlere Hippursäureausscheidung eines Normal-Kollektivs (n = 30) betrug 0, 79 g/l. Ein Kollektiv von toluolexponierten Arbeitern wurde zu Schichtbeginn und gegen Schichtende hinsichtlich seiner Hippursäureausscheidung untersucht. Bei einer mittleren Toluolkonzentration in der Luft von 27 ppm ergab sich eine densitometrisch bestimmte mittlere Hippursäureausscheidung von
    Notes: Summary A thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric method for determining hippuric acid in human urine is described. Under conditions of statistical quality control the precision of the method is 6.85%. The rate of recovery is 98.1–104.5%. The selectivity of the method enables separation and determination of, among others, hippuric acid from methyl-hippuric acids. These acids are eliminated in the urine of people exposed to toluene as well as to xylenes. The criteria for reliability are compared with those of the UV-spectrometric method tracing back to Pagnotto. The average concentration of hippuric acid as determined by thin-layer chromatography of a group of normal persons (n = 30) was 0.79 g/l. A group of employees exposed to toluene was examined according to their elimination of hippuric acid at the beginning and the end of their shift. An average concentration of 27 ppm of toluene in the air caused an average elimination of hippuric acid in urine of 2.04 g/l which was determined densitometrically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409358
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Methanol ; Formic acid ; Metabolism ; Printing ; Health supervision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was carried out among 20 workers employed in a printing, office at three different work places (methanol concentration: 85, 101, and 134 ppm) to determine whether the concentration of formic acid in blood or urine and the methanol content of alveolar air permit the estimation of methanol exposure. For this purpose blood, urine, and end expiratory air were collected at the beginning and the end of the shift. For comparison formic acid concentrations were determined in the morning and in the afternoon in blood and urine of 36 and 15 control persons, respectively. The concentration of formic acid in blood increased significantly from 3.2 ± 2.4 mg/l before to 7.9 ± 3.2 mg/l after the shift in the exposed workers (mean increase 4.7 ± 3.8 mg/l). The corresponding concentrations in urine were 13.1 ± 3.9 mg/l and 20.2 ± 7 mg/l, respectively, with a mean increase of 7.1 ± 5.3 mg/l. This difference is also significant. On the contrary, in the control groups there was a small but significant decrease of formic acid concentration in blood from 5.6 ±4.5 mg/l in the morning to 4.9 ± 4.2 mg/l in the afternoon. In urine, the formic acid concentrations in the morning (11.9 ± 6.4 mg/l) and in the afternoon (11.7 ±5.6 mg/l) were not significantly different. The increase of formic acid concentration in blood during the shift is the most useful parameter for monitoring methanol exposed persons. In contrast determinations of methanol concentrations in the ambient air or in the exhaled air are only crude estimates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377778
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Praxisgerechte methode zur kobaltbestimmung in harn (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1981), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cobalt ; Atomic absorption spectrometry ; Urine ; Kobalt ; Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie ; Harn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache und analytisch zuverlässige Methode zur Kobaltbestimmung im Harn wird beschrieben. Nach einer Extraktion wird das Kobalt mit Hilfe der flammenlosen Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie gemessen. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 0.1 μg Kobalt pro Liter Harn. Bei definiert zugesetzten Kobaltmengen liegt die Wiederfindung zwischen 101 and 107%. Der Variationskoeffizient schwankt zwischen 3,4 und 8,6%. Bei beruflich nicht exponierten Personen fanden sich Konzentrationen zwischen 0,l and 0,75 μg/l.
    Notes: Summary A simple and reliable analytical method for the determination of cobalt in human urine is described. After an extraction step, cobalt is measured with the aid of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limit is 0.1 μg cobalt per litre urine. The recovery of cobalt, determined by the addition of a defined cobalt concentration to the urine, is in the range of 101–107%. The relative standard deviation is between 3.4 and 8.6%. In the urine of persons not professionally exposed to cobalt, concentrations between 0.1 and 0.75 μg/l were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380811
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational exposure to hexachlorocyclohexane (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 52 (1983), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: γ-HCH ; Metabolism ; Chlorophenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Metabolism of γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was studied examining 21 workers producing this insecticide. Using gas chromatography in combination with ECD and mass spectrometry 14 mono-, di-, tri- and tetrachlorophenols were identified in the urine samples of the workers. Seven dihydroxychlorobenzenes of still unknown configuration were detected by mass spectrometry. Ten of the more abundant metabolites, di-, tri- and tetrachlorophenols were determined quantitatively in all urine samples. 2,4,6-; 2,3,5- and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol turned out to be the main metabolites of γ-HCH. They were excreted in nearly equal quantities. On account of their potential liver toxicity, the determination of chlorophenols in urine should be part of a biological monitoring program of HCH-exposed persons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380608
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Glycolethers ; Occupational exposure ; Biological monitoring ; Metabolism ; Limit values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen persons (2 women and 15 men), who were exposed to glycolethers in a varnish production plant, were examined according to their external and internal solvent exposure. The workers in the production plant (n =12) were exposed to average concentrations of ethoxyethanol, ethoxyethyl acetate, butoxyethanol, 1-methoxypropanol-2, 2-methoxypropyl-1-acetate and xylene of 2.8; 2.7; 1.1; 7.0; 2.8 and 1.7 ppm. In the air of the store (n = 3) and in the laboratory (n = 2) only minor concentrations of xylene respectively xylene and ethoxyethyl acetate could be measured. Internal exposure was estimated by measuring butoxyethanol (BE) in blood as well as ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) and butoxyacetic acid (BAA) in urine samples. Urine samples were taken pre- and post-shift. As expected, the highest values were found in the varnish production. The average post shift concentrations of BE, EAA and BAA were 121.3 μg/l; 167.8 and 10.5 mg/l. The relatively high concentrations of EAA and BAA in pre-shift samples can be explained by the long half-lives of these metabolites. According to our findings most of the glycolethers were taken up through the skin. Comparing our results with those reported in the literature we think that a future tolerable limit value for the concentration of ethoxyacetic acid in urine should be in the order of 100 to 200 mg/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383588
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ein praxisgerechtes atomabsorptionsspektrometrisches verfahren zur bestimmung von nickel in harn (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1981), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Nickel ; Urine ; Electrothermal atomic absorption ; Nickel ; Harn ; elektrothermale Atomabsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein analytisch zuverlässiges „Eintopfverfahren” zur Bestimmung von Nickel in Harn beschrieben. Nach einem Extraktionsschritt wird das Schwermetall mit Hilfe der elektrothermalen Atomabsorption bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,1 μg/l. Die Variabilitätskoeffizienten der Serienbestimmung lagen zwischen 2,3 und 9,5%, die Wiederfindungsraten zwischen 98 und 105%. Bei beruflich nicht exponierten Personen wurden Nickelkonzentrationen zwischen 0,34 und 2,25 μg/l. gemessen. Die obere Normgrenze wird auf 1,9 μg/l. geschätzt.
    Notes: Summary An analytically reliable “one-vessel-method” for the determination of nickel in urine is described. After an extraction step, the metal content is analysed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limit amounts to 0.1 μg/l. The coefficients of variability for determinations in series are between 2.5 and 9.5% and the recoveries between 98 and 105%. In a group of occupationally unexposed persons (n = 39), concentrations of nickel in urine are measured from 0.34 to 2.25 μg/1. The upper normal level is estimated to be 1.9 μg/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377672
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronische Lösungsmittelbelastung am Arbeitsplatz (1973)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 31 (1973), S. 265-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Hippuric acid ; Printing-works ; Metabolism ; Organic solvents ; Supervision ; Toluol ; HippursÄure ; Tiefdruckbetrieb ; Metabolismus ; Org. Lösungsmittel ; überwachungsuntersuchung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An einem beruflich toluolexponierten Kollektiv einer Druckerei (n=94) wurde geprüft, welche Beziehungen zwischen der Toluolkonzentration in der Raumluft, dem Toluolspiegel im Blut und der HippursÄureausscheidung im Harn bestehen. Die Toluolanalysen in der Luft und im Blut erfolgten gaschromatographisch, die HippursÄurebestimmungen spektralphotometrisch. Als obere Normgrenze der Toluolkonzentration im Blut (errechnet aus einem nicht lösungsmittelbelasteten Vergleichskollektiv; n=30) ergab sich 15 Μg Toluol pro 100 ml Blut. Bei den belasteten Probanden fand sich eine enge Beziehung zwischen der Toluolkonzentration im Blut und der in der Raumluft, wÄhrend sich eine AbhÄngigkeit der HippursÄureausscheidung im Harn von der Toluolkonzentration im Blut oder in der Raumluft statistisch nicht sichern lie\. Gleichzeitig durchgeführte Phenolbestimmungen im Harn zeigten dagegen eine hochsignifikante Korrelation mit der HippursÄureausscheidung im Harn bei den toluolbelasteten Probanden auf. Damit mu\ die Eignung von Phenolbestimmungen im Harn zur überwachung Benzolexponierter bei gleichzeitiger Toluolbelastung in Frage gestellt werden. Für die überwachung Toluolexponierter wird neben der HippursÄurebestimmung im Harn eine Toluolanalyse im Blut als Kriterium für die individuelle Belastung empfohlen.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the toluene concentrations in blood and the excretion rates of hippuric acid was investigated in 94 printing-workers occupationally exposed to toluene. Toluene in air and in blood was determined by gaschromatographic analysis, the hippuric acid by spectroscopy. In a control group (n=30) the normal upper limit of the toluene concentration in blood was 15 Μg toluene/100 ml blood. In the occupationally exposed group there was a good correlation between the toluene concentrations in air and in blood. But the excretion rates of hippuric acid had no dependence upon the concentrations of toluene in air or in blood. The levels of phenols in the urine were determined in the same workers and were closely correlated with the excretion of hippuric acid. Therefore supervision of workers exposed simultaneously to benzene and toluene by determination of phenols in the urine seems to be of little value. The determination of toluene in blood is recommended for the supervision of workers exposed to toluene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00539031
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 43 (1979), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Benzene ; Cresols ; Phenol ; Urine ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A group of printing workers (n = 34) exposed to toluene was examined according to the concentrations of hippuric acid, phenol, o-cresol, and (m+p)-cresol in urine. The average concentration in the air of the workroom was 23 ppm. It is shown that, besides hippuric acid, small amounts $$(\bar x = 1.1{\text{ }}mg/l)$$ of o-cresol. which is not a normal constituent of urine, were formed from toluene. The occurrence of o-cresol could be proved by mass spectrometry. On account of the small amounts of benzene present in industrially used toluene—in this case 0.025%—the average concentration of phenol in urine of the exposed group was significantly higher statistically $$(\bar x = 7.6 \pm {\text{ 4}}{\text{.3 }}mg/l)$$ than in urine from the controls $$(\bar x = 5.3 \pm {\text{ 2}}{\text{.0 }}mg/l; n = 28)$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454281
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronische lösungsmittelbelastung am arbeitsplatz (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Phenol ; Cresols ; Gas chromatography ; High pressure liquid chromatography ; Photometry ; Urine ; Phenol ; Kresole ; Gaschromatographie ; Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie ; Photometrie ; Harn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine gaschromatographische und eine hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographische Methode zur Bestimmung von Phenol und Kresolen im Harn wind beschrieben. Phenol wind in beiden Fällen selektiv erfaßt. o-, m- und p-Kresol wird beschrieben. Phenol wind in beiden Fällen selektiv erfaßt. o-, m- und p-Kresol werden hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographisch nicht getrennt. Gaschromatographisch gelingt die Abtrennung von o-Kresol. Aufgrund der speziellen Probenaufbereitung sind beide Verfahren sehr empfindlich. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen zwischen 0,2 und 1,3 mg/l. 24-h-Harne eines Normalkollektivs (n = 30) werden untersucht (xPhenol = 4,6 mg/l; xp-Kresol = 45,7 bzw. 52,6 mg/l). Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen eines photometrischen Verfahrens verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic and high pressure liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of phenol and cresols in urine are described. In both cases phenol is determined specifically; o-, m- und p-cresols are not separated by high pressure liquid chromatography. However, o-cresole is separated by gas chromatography. On account of the special preparation of urine samples both methods are very sensitive. The detection limits lie between 0.2 and 1.3 mg/l. 24-h samples of normal urines (n = 30) are analysed (xphenol = 4.6 mg/l; xp-cresol = 45.7 mg/l, respectively 52.6 mg/l). These results are compared with those of a photometric method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377780
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