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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible beneficial role of exercise in modulating low-grade inflammation in the elderly (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 13 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Aging is associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6. These two cytokines are tightly linked in that TNF induces production of IL-6, which again inhibits TNF gene expression. In epidemiological studies, both cytokines have been associated with obesity, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. However, based on basal studies, we suggest that TNF (and not IL-6) is the driver behind insulin resistancy. Thus, it is possible that selective enhancement of the IL-6 level may inhibit TNF—induced insulin resistance. Muscle contractions induce production and release of IL-6, but not TNF, into the circulation, in both young and elderly humans. We suggest that muscle-derived IL-6 contributes to mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise and may contribute to inhibit TNF-production and thereby insulin resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.20218.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No effect of seasonal variation in training load on immuno-endocrine responses to acute exhaustive exercise (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: This study was designed to examine the relationship between seasonal changes in training and competition load, and changes in leukocyte subsets, stress hormones, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to a standardised bout of endurance exercise. In addition, changes in mood states were monitored. Ten male, international Nordic skiers, age 20–29, maximal oxygen uptake 70–82 ml  ·  kg−1  ·  min−1 performed the same incremental treadmill tests to exhaustion at the same time of day (±1 h), during the competitive season (in-season HI test) and the recovery season (off-season LO test). The subject filled out a training and competition log (TC score) for three weeks prior to each test and a 65-item Profile of Mood State (POMS) test on arrival at the laboratory. Venous blood for haematological, hormonal, and IL-6 analysis was drawn before and at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min after the test. TC score was more than twice as high during the competitive season (16.0±3.9) compared to the off-season period (7.0±4.4). An ANOVA procedure for repeated measures showed no difference in exercise induced changes in concentrations of neutrocytes, lymphocytes, epinephrine, ACTH or cortisol between the in-season HI and off-season LO tests; however, norepinephrine and the IL-6 concentrations were elevated at the in-season HI test compared to the off-season LO test. There were no significant differences in POMS global mood score or sub-scores between the in-season HI and the off-season LO tests. Thus, in a group of elite Nordic skiers, we conclude that a doubling of the training and competition load during the winter season does not alter the leukocyte and stress hormone responses to an incremental exercise test to exhaustion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.110303.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bambuterol: clinical effects of three doses of bambuterol once daily in asthmatic patients (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Twenty-two asthmatics received bambuterol solution, a terbutaline pro-drug, once every evening. The following doses were each given orally for 7 days in a double-blind crossover study: 0.185, 0.270 and 0.400 mg/kg. Bambuterol 0.270 mg/kg was preferable regarding clinical effects and side effects. The plasma concentration of generated terbutaline showed a slow linear decrease at all doses. Tests of two methods for objective measurements of tremor in five patients did not add any new data compared with the subjective recordings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb00929.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Down-regulation of natural killer cell activity by autologous polymorphonuclear leucocytes (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has been recently reported that neutrophils are involved in the regulation of NK cell activity. However, the mechanism of such regulation is unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of NK cytotoxicity by human neutrophils. The role of indomethacin, an anti-inflammatory drug, in this interaction was studied. NK cells were purified from peripheral blood obtained from normal individuals. NK cell cytotoxicity was tested on K 562 cell line by Cr release assay, Autologous neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood were stimulated by opsonized zymosan either in the presence or absence of indomethacin. The role of neutrophil supernatant containing oxygen radicals and prostaglandins on NK cytotoxicity was examined. It was shown that supernatants from stimulated neutrophils significantly inhibited (P 〈 0.05) the autologous NK cell cytotoxicity. The presence of indomethacin in the in vitro reaction mixture, or given orally to donors, partially or completely abolished the inhibitory effect of neutrophil supernatant. Indomethacin inhibited prostaglandin E2 release, and luminol-enhanced, myeloperoxidase-mediated chemiluminescence of activated PMN. Diafiltration of neutrophil supernatant showed that the inhibitory activity was present in the fraction containing molecules lower than 5,000 daltons. In conclusion, our findings indicate that down-regulation of NK cytotoxicity is mediated by prostaglandins produced by stimulated neutrophils and possibly by oxygen radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb02039.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the in Vitro Effects of Glucocorticosteroids on NK Cell Activity (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 41 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The NK cell activity of mononuclear cells as well as monocyte-depleted, Percoll-fractionated, NK cell-enriched effector cells against K 562 target cells was inhibited by methylprednisolone (MP) and hydrocortisone (HC) in a dose-dependent manner. The effector/target cell conjugate formation was studied in a single cell agarose assay, and it was shown that MP and HC partly inhibited the NK cell activity by inhibition of the adhesion of effector cells to target.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00303.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Isoprinosine Treatment of HIV-Positive Patients on Blood Mononuclear Cell Subsets, NK- and T-Cell Function, Tumour Necrosis Factor, and Interleukins 1, 2, and 6 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 32 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The immunomodulatory drug isoprinosine has been found to delay the occurrence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals. To elucidate the mechanism of action, eight HIV-positive, healthy patients were treated with isoprinosine, 3 g/day for 28 days; six patients received no treatment but were examined in parallel, and two patients were withdrawn. All patients had blood collected just before the start as well as on days 14 and 28 of isoprinosine treatment.Isoprinosine significantly enhanced the lymphoproliferative response after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and purified derivative of tuberculin (PPD), while isoprinosine had no effect on the following immune parameters: the expression of surface markers on blood mononuclear cells including CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD25, leu-8, and HLA-DR. Furthermore isoprinosine did not influence the ability of interleukin 2 (IL-2) to stimulate the proliferation of lymphocytes or the natural killer (NK) cell activity either unstimulated or stimulated in vitro with alpha interferon (IFN-α), IL-2. or indomethacin. Neither did isoprinosine affect the in vitro production of (IL-1) α or β, IL-2, IL-6. or tumour necrosis factor (TNF).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb03206.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective Modulation of the CD4 Molecular Complex by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alkaline Protease and Elastase (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 26 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The binding of monoclonal antibodies against CD4 was specifically inhibited by treatment of human CD4+ cells with either alkaline protease (AP) or elastase (Ela), purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Binding of antibodies against CD3 (pan T), CD5 (pan T), CD8 (T suppressor/cytotoxic). HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP/DR, and β2 microglobulin was not inhibited by AP or Ela. Heat-inactivation of the proteases at 65°C for 20 min or treatment with the metal chelator EDTA abolished the inhibitory activity of both proteases. These findings may serve to develop novel immunological methods for the isolation and study of the lymphocyte CD4 structure, which plays an important part in the immune response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1987.tb02239.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Physical Exercise on Blood Mononuclear Cell Subpopulations and in Vitro Proliferative Responses (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study was designed to examine the effect of physical exercise on subsets and proliferative responses of blood mononuclear cells. Sixteen young, healthy volunteers underwent 60min of bicycle exercise at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). After an interval of at least 1 week, six of the subjects underwent a 60-min back muscle training period at up to 30% of VO2max. Blood samples were collected before and during the last minutes of exercise, as well as 2 and 24 h later. Blood mononuclear cell (BMNC) subpopulations were determined and the proliferate responses after incubation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or purified derivative of tuberculin (PPD), were quantified by [3H]thymidine incorporation. During bicycle exercise the relative blood concentration of T cells (CD3+ cells) declined, mainly due to a fall in T helper cells (CD4+ cells). The natural killer (NK) cell subset (CD16+ cells) increased during work, but reverted after; the monocytes (CD14+ cells) increased 2 h after work, whereas the B-cell subset (CD20+ cells) did not change. BMNC subsets were not significantly changed by back muscle exercise. The PHA-induced proliferative response decreased during bicycle exercise, whereas the PPD-induced response did not change. No significant changes occurred during back muscle exercise. Investigation of subgroups after incubation with [3H]thymidine showed that the proliferative response per CD4+ cell did not change in relation to exercise, but the contribution of the CD4+ subgroup to proliferation declined during bicycle exercise due to the decreased proportion of CD4+ cells. The suppression of the PHA response during bicycle exercise can be explained in part by a relative fall in CD4+ cells. The pool sizes of BMNC subfraction may be elicited by increased catecholamine and cortisol levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01137.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical exercise modulates the cellular immune system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 1 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The recent findings that bicycle exercise training may reduce the number of swollen joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stimulated us to examine the possibility that this was mediated through exercise-induced immunomodulation. The effect of a single bout of physical exercise on blood mononuclear subsets, proliferative responses and natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined. Six patients with moderately active RA for 20 years exercised for 27 min on a bicycle, the work intensity being estimated at 68% of max V̇O2max. Blood samples were collected before and during the last minutes of exercise, as well as 2 h afterwards. During bicycle exercise the proportion of T cells (DC3+ cells) declined, mainly because of a fall in T helper cells (DC4+ cells). The proportion of NK cells (CD16+ cells) increased during work, but reverted afterwards. The monocytes (CD14+ cells) did not change; B cells (CD20+ cells) declined slightly during exercise and reverted later. No change in PHA-, PPD- and Unstimulated BMNC proliferation occurred during exercise. Two hours after exercise, PPD- and IL-2-induced proliferation increased significantly, except for the PHA-stimulated response. The NK cell activity increased only significantly during exercise when the cells were preincubated with indomethacin, and returned to normal 2 h afterwards. This shows that brief, moderate exercise by patients with RA alters the composition of blood mononuclear cell subsets and cell functions. The clinical significance of this immunomodulation remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00291.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular immunity in highly trained elite racing cyclists during periods of training with high and low intensity (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 1 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Cellular immunity was measured under resting conditions in 29 highly trained male racing cyclists during a period of low training intensity (winter), and in 15 untrained people. Fifteen of the cyclists were reexamined during a period of high training intensity (summer) together with 10 of the untrained people. Data on lymphocyte subpopulations, natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte proliferative responses were obtained. Changes in any of these immune parameters from low to high training seasons did not differ significantly between the trained and untrained people. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the cyclists, both during the period of low training intensity (39.2±11.6%vs 30.9±6.4%) and during the period of high training intensity (55.2±18.4% vs 33.6±20.3%). Leucocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil concentrations did not differ between the two groups. The blood mononuclear cell (BMNC) subsets, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD16+ cells, and the BMNC proliferative responses following stimulation with either interleukin 2, purified derivative of tuberculin or phytohaemagghitinin did not differ significantly between the groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00290.x
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