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  • learning  (5)
  • Orthoptera  (4)
  • Schistocerca americana  (4)
  • Iridomyrmex humilis  (2)
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Years
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced food preferences in caterpillars: the need to identify mechanisms (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction ; imprinting ; learning ; caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; experience ; diet breadth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses the ambiguity of results obtained from dual-choice feeding tests, especially in relation to the study of effects of experience. Induced preference experiments done this way can be caused by up to nine potential changes in caterpillar behavior. In addition different physiological mechanisms that could lead to the process of induced preference are discussed. These include habituation to deterrents, the increased ability to process xenobiotics, the acquisition of specific positive responses, sensitization, and associative learning. These different processes might relate to function in different ways so that distinguishing them is important to progress in understanding the phenomenon. Suggestions for experimental designs that provide details on processes involved are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304451
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Behavioral Mechanism for Incorporating an Unpalatable Food in the Diet of a Generalist Herbivore (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 10 (1997), S. 841-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: herbivore ; grasshopper ; foraging ; Schistocerca americana ; novelty ; neophilia ; learning ; habituation ; nutrition ; diet mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated mechanisms that could lead to incorporation of unpalatable foods into the diet of a generalist grasshopper, Schistocerca americana: nutritional stress, habituation, learning, and attraction to novelty. The model system involved mesquite, a palatable but inferior food, and mulberry, an unpalatable but adequate food. Nutritional stress, due to prolonged intake of the inferior food, mesquite, did not increase the acceptability of mulberry. Habituation to the deterrent compounds in mulberry and associative learning of the nutritional benefits of mulberry also did not occur. However, mulberry became more acceptable after a day of restriction to a single food type other than mulberry, and even deterrent and nutritionally worthless alternatives such as filter paper became acceptable after a day on any one food type. A tendency to feed on novel food types may be a proximate mechanism for the incorporation of relatively unpalatable, but nutritionally valuable foods into the diet. Novelty and the apparent need for diversity of foods are discussed in the context of exploratory foraging behavior by generalist herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIR.0000010417.24991.9e
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of plant chemistry on the acceptability of caterpillar prey to the argentine antIridomyrmex humilils (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 579-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; predation ; chemical defense ; nicotine ; Lepidoptera ; plant/insect interactions ; herbivore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to test the acceptability of two palatable, cryptic caterpillars, the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, and the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni, reared on different diets, to the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. Ants preferred larvae reared on artificial diet, groundcherry, or cowpea to tobacco-reared larvae. Ants also preferred larvae reared on artificial diet without nicotine to larvae reared on diet containing nicotine (5% dry wt). Experiments were also performed to test the response of ants to larval extracts and chemicals applied to the surface of palatable prey. Ants did not respond differently to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, treated with larval extracts or regurgitate from tobacco-reared larvae compared to artificialdiet-reared larvae, but ants were deterred byP. operculella larvae treated with nicotine compared to untreated larvae. The results of this study indicate that caterpillars can derive at least some degree of chemical protection from their food plant without sequestering and storing plant compounds and without the development of elaborate aposematic characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997232
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food mixing by generalist grasshoppers: Plant secondary compounds structure the pattern of feeding (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 161-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: plant secondary compound ; Schistocerca americana ; diets ; food mixing ; feeding behavior ; feeding patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant secondary compounds can prevent feeding by phytophagous insects or, if ingested, can be poisonous to them. Less attention has been paid to the additional effects they have on feeding behavior when they are only weakly deterrent or not deterrent at all. Experiments were carried out on the generalist grass-hopperSchistocerca americana. Individuals were presented either with two cakes of high-quality artificial food with a single deterrent compound added or with two cakes, each with a different added deterrent compound. The deterrents consisted of single plant secondary compounds that were either marginally or strongly deterrent. There were profound differences in feeding behavior between those individuals given identical and those given different cake types, including longer feeding bouts on single cakes when a choice of different cake types was available. The behavioral effects demonstrate that the presence of secondary compounds in one food can influence the patterns of feeding on other available foods and suggest that such chemicals could impact foraging activities in a complex manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01988902
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary mixing in grasshoppers: Changes in acceptability of different plant secondary compounds associated with low levels of dietary protein (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 545-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; grasshopper ; learning ; aversion ; novelty ; polyphagy ; dietary mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Schistocerca americanasixth-instar nymphs were examined for a change in diet acceptance, in which insects experiencing an unfavorable diet subsequently become predisposed to eat relatively less of that diet and more of diets with a novel flavor than they would had they previously fed on a more adequate diet. Insects were pretreated for 4 h on either low-protein (2 % wet wt) or higherprotein (4%) artificial diets flavored with a plant secondary compound (tomatine or rutin). They were then offered, in choice or no-choice tests, the lowprotein diet with the familiar or a novel (tomatine, rutin, or NHT) flavor. When tomatine was the familiar and rutin the novel flavor in a no-choice test, the insects previously fed low-protein diets took relatively long meals on the novel and relatively short meals on the familiar diets compared with the insects that had previously eaten higher-protein diets. A similar, but in this case considerably less pronounced and statistically nonsignificant, pattern existed in the reciprocal design experiment in which rutin was the familiar and tomatine the novel flavor. Similarly, insects fed low-protein diets flavored with rutin subsequently showed an increased relative preference for the novel flavor (NHT) in a choice test, compared with the high protein-pretreated insects. It is concluded that insects fed protein-deficient diets may subsequently show a preference for novel foods through different mechanisms, the importance of which may differ in different circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048069
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rutin: a phagostimulant for the polyphagous acridid Schistocerca americana (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca americana ; rutin ; grasshopper ; phagostimulant ; phenolic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rutin was demonstrated to be a phagostimulant for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana across a very wide concentration range. The effect was not maintained over a period of days if the insects had already ingested a large amount, but when individuals were given different concentrations on disks as supplements to their lettuce diet, they tended to self select a moderate quantity on a daily basis. In long term experiments on food utilization and growth rates using artificial diet, no beneficial effects of rutin could be demonstrated. Ingested rutin was absorbed and some of it deposited in the cuticle. Most was excreted as the aglycone quercetin. The possible functional significance of the phagostimulatory effect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164955
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect behavior at the leaf surface and learning as aspects of host plant selection (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Behavior ; learning ; leaf surface ; wax ; insects ; food selection ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Direct observations on the feeding behavior of insect herbivores are uncommon, but important. The important aspects of host-plant selection by phytophagous insects that have been revealed by such observations are the role of chemicals in the leaf surface, and learning. There are few detailed reports of behavior at the leaf surface, but these indicate that many, if not all, insects exhibit behavior pattenrs that can be interpreted as an examination of the quality of the surface and acceptance or rejection may follow without further testing. A number of experiments show that chemicals from the leaf surface commonly contribute to the acceptability or otherwise of a plant and in most cases so far the active chemicals are of widespread occurrence, not having a specific association with the host plant. Some experiments show that the association between surface chemicals and plant palatability is learned, but in other cases there is evidence of an innate response. Habituation to deterrent chemicals has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but not in the field. Food aversion learning also occurs and may be important in dietary switching by polyphagous insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951806
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary mixing in grasshoppers: switching induced by nutritional imbalances in foods (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; dietary mixing ; compensatory feeding ; learning ; flavors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dietary mixing by nymphs of Schistocerca americana was studied in the laboratory using artificial diet cakes. Individuals were given either two different inadequate but complementary diet cakes or two adequate and identical ones. When unique flavors (coumarin or NHT) were added to the diet cakes, insects given the inadequate diet treatment switched between cakes more than insects exposed to the adequate diets. This was not the case when no identifying flavors were added.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187728
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalist caterpillar prey are more palatable than specialists for the generalist predator Iridomyrmex humilis (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 427-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; Predation ; Host range ; Prey acceptability ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments are described which test the hypothesis that more host-specific species of caterpillars should be less aceptable to a generalist predator than polyphagous species. Caterpillars of all species were tested in paired choice tests with the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis. Experiments were replicated ten times, videotaped and later analyzed. Brightly colored specialist species (normally considered to be aposematic) were clearly the least palatable, while more cryptic specialists were also significantly less acceptable than generalists overall. Leaf-tying species were considered separately; all were highly palatable independent of host range. The results indicate that among caterpillars that do not construct leaf shelters, those with a wide post range are more acceptable than those with a narrow host range. This is consistent with the notion that generalist predators provide selection pressure favoring narrow host range in their herbivorous prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384324
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of tannic acid to inhibit digestion or reduce digestibility of plant protein in gut fluids of insect herbivores (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 605-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tannins ; digestibility-reducing substances ; surfactants ; detergency ; herbivory ; chemical defense ; allelochemics ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Schistocerca gregaria ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of the abundant foliar protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPC), in enzymatically active gut fluid ofManduca sexta larvae is very rapid and is unaffected by the presence of tannic acid, even when tannic acid is present in the incubation mixture in amounts in excess of the amount of RuBPC. When this protein is dissolved in the denatured gut fluids ofM. sexta larvae orSchistocerca gregaria nymphs, large amounts of tannic acid must be added to bring about the precipitation of significant quantities of protein. The ability of insect gut fluid to prevent the formation of insoluble tannin-protein complexes is due to the presence of surfactants. On the basis of our results and a review of the findings of other investigators, we argue that there is no evidence that tannins reduce the nutritional value of an insect's food by inhibiting digestive enzymes or by reducing the digestibility of ingested proteins and, further, that the failure of tannins to interfere with digestion is readily explained on the basis of well-documented characteristics of the digestive systems of herbivorous insects. In challenging the currently popular notion that tannins are digestibility-reducing substances, we do not challenge the general utility of either the apparency theory or resource availability theory of plant defense. In debating the merits of these two analyses of plant-herbivore interactions, however, the demise of tannins as all-purpose, dose-dependent, digestibility-reducing defensive substances must be taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880103
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