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  • Natriumtransport  (4)
  • Phosphate transport  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 372 (1977), S. 269-274 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Parathyroidectomy ; Parathyroid hormone ; Phosphate diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The standing droplet method was applied in combination with microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries to determine the build up of transtubular concentration differences of phosphate (Pi) in proximal convoluted tubules. As revealed in experiments with chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats, the time dependent decrease of the intraluminal Pi concentration, or increase of transtubular Pi concentration difference ( $$\Delta {\text{c}}_{{\text{P}}_i }$$ ), changes along the proximal convolution in a ratio 4:2:1 in the first quarter: second plus third quarter: fourth quarter. In acute (〉2 h) PTX rats $$\Delta {\text{c}}_{{\text{P}}_i }$$ decreased by 31% in the first and by 41% in the fourth quarter of the convolution when parathyroid hormone (PTH; 5 U initially and 12 U/h continuously) was infused. In chronic (〉2 days) PTX rats the correspondent values of 17% and 29% were significantly smaller. When the rats were kept for 7–11 weeks on a low phosphate diet (〈0,15% P in the dry matter) their Pi transport was in the range of that of the PTX rats. PTH infusion, however, diminished the P i reabsorption rate in the fourth quarter of the convolution only, but not that in the early parts of the convolution. On the contrary, rats kept for the same time on a high phosphate diet (2%) showed all along the proximal convolution one by one third of the phosphate transport rate of animals on a low phosphate diet. Acute parathyroidectomy of the high P diet rats led to 51% increase in P i transport. The data show that 1. the phosphate transport decreases as a function of proximal convolution length, 2. PTH exerts a considerable inhibitory effect on P i transport only in acute PTX rats, while the effect in chronic PTX rats is rather small, 3. the P content of the diet inversely correlates with the P i transport. 4. further with low P diet the PTH inhibits P i transport in late, but not in early segments of the proximal convolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 377 (1978), S. 33-42 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Extracellular pH ; Intracellular pH ; Acetazolamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport was evaluated using the standing droplet method with simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular capillaries. To evaluate rather small differences in Pi transport and to eliminate the influence of tubular heterogeneity, the technique of crossed paired samples was applied. 1. In chronic PTX rat changing the luminal or both luminal and peritubular pH by varying the HCO 3 − -concentration between 4 and 50 mmol/l at constant 5% CO2 had no influence on Pi transport. 2. If, however, bicarbonate was omitted from the perfusate and 2 mmol/l phosphate (pH 7.4) was the only buffer, Pi transport was decreased from the control. It was, however, further reduced when the perfusates were gased with 5% CO2 i. e. the starting pH was 5.6. 3. When the solutions contained HEPES buffer (25 mmol/l), Pi transport at pH 8 was much larger than at pH 6.0. 4. Raising the CO2 pressure from 35 to 70 mm Hg did not change the Pi transport when both perfusates had a HCO 3 − -concentration of 25 mmol/l. It reduced, however, the Pi transport, when the luminal perfusate had only 4 mmol/l bicarbonate. 5. Lowering the CO2 pressure from 38 to 7.6 mm Hg did hardly change the Pi transport when the luminal perfusate contained 4 mmol/l bicarbonate. It lowered, however, the Pi transport significantly when the luminal perfusate had 25 mmol/l bicarbonate. 6. Acetazolamide, 10−4 M, lowered the Pi transport when the luminal perfusate contained 4 or 25 mmol/l bicarbonate. At 4 mmol/l luminal HCO 3 − , raising thepCO2 to 228 mmol/l depressed Pi transport even more. At 25 mmol/l luminal bicarbonate, raising thepCO2 from 38 to 114 mm Hg reversed the acetazolamide inhibition of the Pi transport almost completely. The data indicate that luminal acidosis and intracellular alkalosis inhibits the transtubular Pi transport. A shift of the intracellular pH to a more alkaline value seems to be responsible for the inhibition of Pi transport by acetazolamide, while omission of buffer from the perfusate inhibits Pi transport by effecting an acidic luminal pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 375 (1978), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Paracellular shunt ; Calcium ; Ca2+ ionophore A 23187
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proximal inorganic phosphate (P i ) transport was evaluated using the standing droplet method with simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries. In chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats addition of 3 μM of the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 to the luminal perfusate had no effect on the P i transport, although the isotonic fluid reabsorption was reduced by 20%. When the Ca2+ concentration in the perfusates was raised from 1.5 mM to 3.0 mM the reabsorption did not change significantly. But when Ca2+ was omitted from the perfusates the P i reabsorption dropped by 19%, and when 2 mM EDTA were added to the perfusates P i transport decreased by 35%. The influx of P i from the interstitial space and from the cell into the phosphate-free luminal perfusate did not change, when the perfusates were Ca2+-free, but it increased by 23% in the presence of 2 mM EDTA. The data indicate that 1. a rise in intracellular Ca2+ above normal is not a factor which modifies “basal” P i transport i.e. when P i transport is independent of the action of parathyroid hormone. 2. A reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration from normal toward zero reduces P i transport without changing the paracellular leak permeability for P i . 3. With EDTA the paracellular leak permeability for P i is increased, thus causing an even greater reduction in net P i transport than with Ca2+-free solutions alone.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Nephron ; Sodium Transport ; Calcium Ions ; Antidiuretic Hormone ; Nierentubuli ; Natriumtransport ; Calciumionen ; Antidiuretisches Hormon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An proximalen Tubuli und medullären Sammelrohren von Ratten wurde der isotone Natriumtransport ΆNa iso und die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationsdifferenz Δc Na bei Nettosubstanzfluß und Nettovolumenfluß Null gemessen. Die peritubulären Capillaren waren bei diesen Messungen künstlich durchströmt, und zwar in der ersten Serie mit einer Calcium-freien Lösung bzw. einer Lösung, die 3 mÄq Ca++/l enthielt, in einer zweiten Serie mit einer Lösung, die kein ADH bzw. 5 mE/l ADH enthielt. Zugabe von ADH oder Weglassen von Calcium aus dem Perfusat hatten keinen Einfluß auf den isotonen Natriumtransport. Die Natrium-Gleichgewichtskonzentration bei Nettosubstanzfluß Null war jedoch stark erniedrigt. Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß bei Fehlen von Calcium oder Zugabe von ADH die Permeabilität für Natriumionen erhöht ist, daß aber im Gegensatz zum Verhalten von Amphibienhäuten der aktive Natriumtransport unbeeinflußt bleibt.
    Notes: Summary Isotonic sodium transport, ΆNa iso, and the transtubular concentration difference, Δc Na, at equilibrium under conditions of zero net solvent and solute fluxes were measured in the proximal tubules and medullary collecting ducts of rats. Peritubular capillaries were simultaneously perfused, in the first group of experiments with a solution containing no Ca++ or 3 mEq/l of Ca++, and in the second group with a solution which contained either no ADH or 5 mU/l of ADH. Addition of ADH or omission of Ca++ from the capillary perfusate did not affect isotonic sodium transport. The equilibrium concentration difference of sodium, Δc Na, was, however, greatly reduced under the same conditions. The results indicate that in the absence of Ca++, or in the presence of ADH, the permeability for sodium is increased, but that in contradistinction to the behaviour of amphibian skins, active sodium transport remains unaffected.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 308 (1969), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Micropuncture ; Functional Isolated Collecting Ducts ; Sodium Transport ; Sodium Permeability ; Aldosterone ; Mikropunktion ; funktionell isoliertes Sammelrohr ; Natriumtransport ; Natriumpermeabilität ; Aldosteron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Mikropunktion und -perfusion der Vasa recta an der freigelegten Nierenpapille von Wistarratten wurde es möglich, die schwankenden Harnstoff- und Natriumkonzentrationen im Interstitium des Nierenmarks zu beseitigen und definierte Versuchsbedingungen für die Sammelrohre zu schaffen. An diesen „funktionell” isolierten Sammelrohrabschnitten wurdenin situ sowohl die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationsdifferenz bei fehlendem Nettosubstanz-und -volumenfluß (ΔC Na) als auch der Nettonatriumtransport (Φ Na) bei gleicher Natriumkonzentration auf beiden Seiten der Sammelrohrwand gemessen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß unter diesen Versuchsbedingungen, bei denen die Tiere in Antidiurese sind, die Natriumrückresorption aus den Sammelrohren isoton abläuft. Die Versuche wurden an vier Tiergruppen durchgeführt: an adrenalektomierten Tieren, an normal ernährten Tieren, an salzarm ernährten Tieren und an normal ernährten Tieren, die zusätzlich Aldosteron bekamen. Φ Na iso war bei adrenalektomierten Tieren 1,2·10−5 bei normal ernährten Tieren 3,1·10−5, bei salzarm ernährten Tieren 4,1·10−5 und bei normal ernährten Tieren unter Aldosteronsubstitution 4,2·10−5 μÄq·mm−2·sec−1. Die entsprechenden ΔC Na werte waren 4, 31, 98, 93 mÄq/l. Unter der Annahme, daßΦ Na iso die Transportkapazität des Systems angibt und daß ΔC Na bei gegebenemΦ Na iso umgekehrt proportional der Leckpermeabilität für Natriumionen ist, kann man aus den vorliegenden Daten schließen, daß Aldosteron am Sammelrohr nicht nur die innere Transportkapazität für Na erhöht, sondern auch die Leckpermeabilität für Na herabsetzt.
    Notes: Summary Micropuncture and -perfusion were performed on vasa recta of the exposed renal papilla in Wistar rats in order to abolish uncontrollable changes of sodium and urea concentration within the medullary interstitium. Thereby the collecting tubules could be studied under well defined experimental conditions. The transport of sodium in the absence of a transtubular concentration difference (Φ Na) as well as differences in steady state concentration of sodium (ΔC Na) at zero net flux of water and solutes were measuredin situ in these functionally isolated collecting ducts. Four groups of animals were studied: adrenalectomized rats, control rats on a normal diet, rats on low sodium diet and normally fed rats with additional aldosterone administration. The respectiveΦ Na were 1.2, 3.1, 4.1 and 4.2·10−5 μeq×mm−2×sec−1, while ΔC Na were 4, 31, 98 and 93 meq/l. One may assume thatΦ Na iso is a measure of the transport capacity of the system and that ΔC Na at a givenΦ Na iso is inversely proportional the leak permeability. Under these conditions our data suggest, that aldosterone causes an increase of intrinsic transport capacity and at the same time a decrease of leak permeability for sodium ions.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Perfusion of Peritubular Capillaries ; Water Reabsorption ; Sodium Transport ; Proximal Convolution ; Collecting Duct ; peritubuläre Capillarperfusion ; Wasserresorption ; Natriumtransport ; proximales Konvolut ; Sammelrohre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Ratten wurden Mikropunktionsuntersuchungen am proximalen Tubulus und am Sammelrohr bei Durchblutung der peritubulären Capillaren bzw. Vasa recta sowie bei künstlicher Perfusion dieser Blutgefäße durchgeführt. In Abhängigkeit von der Höhe der interstitiellen Natriumkonzentration wurden der Nettonatriumtransport (ΆNa iso) bei gleicher Natriumkonzentration zu beiden Seiten der Tubuluswand und die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationsdifferenz (Δc Na) bei fehlendem Nettovolumen- und Nettosubstanzfluß gemessen. Bei Variation der Natriumkonzentration im Gewebe durch Perfusion der peritubulären Capillaren mit 155 bzw. 300 mÄq/l Na änderten sich weder ΆNa iso noch Δc Na für den proximalen Tubulus (ΆNa iso 8,4 bzw. 7,9·10−5 μÄq · mm−2 · sec−1; Δc Na 24 bzw. 24 mÄq/l). Veränderung der Natriumkonzentration im Blut durch Infusion hypertoner NaCl Lösung oder Peritonealdialyse mit isotoner Mannitlösung führten zu prinzipiell gleichen Ergebnissen. Bei Perfusion der Vasa recta mit Lösungen, die 145 und 300 mÄq/l Natrium entheilten, blieben ΆNa iso wie Δc Na über die Sammelrohrwand ebenfalls konstant (ΆNa iso 4,1 bzw. 4,1·10−5 μÄq · mm−2 · sec−1; Δc Na 98 bzw. 104 mÄq/l). Proximale Tubuli und Sammelrohre verhalten sich demnach bei Variation der interstitiellen Natriumkonzentration gleich. Da die Wasserresorption aus den Sammelrohren von dem durch Gegenstrommultiplikation erzeugten Natriumkonzentrationsanstieg im Markinterstitium abhängt, die Natriumresorption aus den Sammelrohren aber wie die vorliegenden Befunde zeigen von eben dieser Natriumkonzentration unabhängig ist, ist dem Warmblüterorganismus die Möglichkeit gegeben, Natrium- und Wasserresorption unabhängig voneinander zu variieren. Die Natrium- und Wasserresorption aus den Sammelrohren werden jedoch beide durch den Gehalt der Sammelrohrflüssigkeit an permeablen Nichtelektrolyten, wie z. B. Harnstoff, beeinflußt.
    Notes: Summary Micropuncture experiments were performed on proximal tubules and collecting ducts of rat kidneys with and without artificial perfusion of surrounding capillaries or vasa recta respectively. Net sodium flux (ΆNa iso) was estimated under conditions of varying but equal sodium concentrations on both sides of the tubular wall. The transtubular wall equilibrium concentration difference of sodium (Δc Na) was also measured in these nephron segments under conditions of zero volume and solute fluxes. In the proximal tubule ΆNa iso of 8.4 and 7.9×10−5 μeq × mm−2 × sec−1 at sodium concentrations of 155 and 300 meq/l in the perfusion fluid and Δc Na of 24 and 24 meq/l respectively did not vary significantly. Variations of sodium concentrations in blood produced by hypertonic saline infusion or peritoneal dialysis with mannitol resulted in essentially similar values of ΆNa iso and Δc Na. In the collecting ducts also ΆNa iso and Δc Na remained uninfluenced by induced variations in sodium concentrations of the perfusion fluid. ΆNa iso at sodium concentration of 145 and 300 meq/l in the perfusion fluid of vasa recta was 4.1 and 4.1×10−5 μeq × mm−2 × sec−1 respectively and Δc Na was 98 and 104 meq/l respectively. Water reabsorption in the collecting ducts depends on the increase of sodium concentration produced in the medulla by the countercurrent multiplier system. The results represented here indicate that, in mammals sodium reabsorption is independent from the sodium concentration of the interstitial fluid. Therefore the sodium reabsorption and the water reabsorption can be varied independently from each other. Both, sodium and water reabsorption in the collecting ducts are however dependent upon the concentrations of permeable nonelectrolytes such as urea in the collecting duct fluid.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 320 (1970), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Micropuncture ; Collecting Duct ; Sodium Transport ; Sodium Permeability ; Aldosterone ; Schlüsselwörter ; Mikropunktion ; Sammelrohr ; Natriumtransport ; Natriumpermeabilität ; Aldosteron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In previous micropuncture studies with collecting ducts from the rat kidney, aldosterone was shown to increase the isotonic sodium reabsorption as well as the transepithelial concentration difference for sodium under steady state conditions with zero net flux. It was thought that the latter effect might have been partially due to a reduced leak permeability for sodium caused by the action of the hormone. To examine this possibility, the24Na efflux from the collecting duct was studied and found to be decreased by aldosterone. It follows that the hormone must cause a substantial decrease in sodium permeability.
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