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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 44 (1966), S. 1379-1381 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a combined micropuncture and morphological study ferritin has been characterized as a suitable tracer substance for electron microscopic analysis of certain transport processes when injected directly into the proximal convolution of the rat kidney. It has been demonstrated that the ferritin molecules are absorbed by means of pinocytosis. Within 2–5 min following intratubular injection they gain access to large apical absorption vacuoles. Cytopempsis as a mode of transtubular transport has not yet been observed. — It could be conformed that the zonula occludens of junctional complexes constitutes a tight barrier for larger molecules, especially for proteins. From the described observations, using the split oil droplet method, the conclusion can be drawn that the proximal tubular epithelium maintained its normal functions even after contact with oil in split oil droplet experiments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegenden Befunde erbringen den Beweis, daß Ferritin als Tracer-Substanz für elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen bestimmter Transportphänomene am Tubulusepithel der Säugerniere geeignet ist. Da jedes einzelne Molekül durch den eisenhaltigen Kern markiert ist, sollte die Möglichkeit bestehen, den Vorgang der Eiweiß-resorption auch in zeitlicher und quantitativer Beziehung besser zu verfolgen. Die Aufnahme des Ferritin in die Tubuluszelle folgt den Gesetzen der Pinocytose und der vorübergehenden vacuolären Speicherung, deren erste Station (subapikale Resorptionsvacuolen) bereits nach 2 min erreicht ist. Für die Existenz eines cytopemptischen Transportes [7] im Tubulusepithel ergibt sich bislang kein Anhalt. Die Zonula occludens des Schlußleistenkomplexes bestätigt sich crneut als impermeable Barriere für höhermolekuläre Stoffe, insbesondere Eiweißkörper. — Die mitgeteilten Beobachtungen sind zugleich ein Beleg für die erhaltene Funktionsfähigkeit des Epithels nach Kontakt mit Ricinusöl im Bereich einer mit der Methode des „gespaltenen Öltropfens“ erzeugten Teststrecke des proximalen Konvolutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 43 (1965), S. 794-795 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the fixation of renal tubules in vivo using microperfusion has been described. The perfusions were carried out either during free-flow or after oil-blockade of the tubular segment proximal to the puncture site. The fixatives used were osmiumtetroxide (1 or 3%) or glutaraldehyde (6,25%), the embedding medium was Vestopal W. The histological picture of the renal cortex in these preparations resembled that seen with light microscopy in vivo. Moreover light and electron microscopic pictures demonstrated a good state of preservation of the tubular epithelium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird berichtet über eine Methode zur Fixierung von Nierentubuli in vivo mit Hilfe der Mikroperfusion. Die Durchströmung erfolgte entweder bei freiem Fluß der Tubulusflüssigkeit oder nach Öl-Blockade des stromaufwärts gelegenen Segmentes. Zur Fixierung wurden gepufferte Lösungen von Osmiumtetroxyd (1% oder 3%) oder von Glutaraldehyd (6,25%) verwendet. Einbettung der Gewebestücke in Vestopal W. Das histologische Bild entspricht dem Intravitalbild der Nierenrinde bei auflichtmikroskopischer Betrachtung. Die licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen zeigen einen guten Erhaltungszustand des Tubulusepithels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 55 (1977), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Idiopathic edema ; Renin ; Adrenal steroids ; Idiopathisches Ödem ; Renin ; Nebennieren-Steroide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund der Katamnesen von 39 Patientinnen mit ätiologisch und pathogenetisch ungeklärten („idiopathischen“) Ödemen wird die Symptomatologie und der Verlauf dieses Syndroms dargestellt. Die Katamnesen lassen u.a. eine familiäre, evtl. hereditär bedingte, Häufung des Syndroms und die Häufung von Symptomen des allergischen Formenkreises erkennen. Hypoalbuminämie und asymptomatischer Diabetes mellitus kommen entgegen früheren Mitteilungen bei 45 untersuchten Patientinnen nur in Ausnahmefällen vor. Ein sekundärer Hyperaldosteronismus war bei 33 untersuchten Patientinnen nur in 5 Fällen zu beobachten. Bei 4 dieser Patientinnen war er wahrscheinlich auf vorangegangene Diuretikamedikation zurückzuführen In einigen Fällen, meist auch nach Gebrauch von Diuretika, waren die Plasma-Konzentrationen der adrenalen Steroide 11-Desoxycorticosteron, 18-OH-11-Desoxycorticosteron und Corticosteron erhöht. Idiopathische Ödeme haben wahrscheinlich keine einheitliche Pathogenese, doch ist an einem mit dem weiblichen Reproduktions-system zusammenhängenden prädisponierenden Faktor zu denken. Über Ergebnisse systematischer psychosomatischer Untersuchungen wird später berichtet werden.
    Notes: Summary The clinical picture and the course of idiopathic edema is described after evaluating catamnestic questionnaires on 39 patients. It appears that the syndrome often occurs in other female family members, especially in mothers of propositi and that two thirds of patients have also suffered from symptoms of allergy. In contrast to observations of other groups, diabetes mellitus and slight hypoalbuminemia were found only in a few patients. Secondary hyperaldosteronism was almost exclusively observed in patients who had been taking diuretics during the last few days before the measurements were done. The plasma concentrations of 6 other adrenal steroidal hormones were measured in 33 patients. Only in few of them, mostly patients who had taken diuretics, increased level of 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-OH-11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were observed. Idiopathic edema does not seem to be a disease entity, but some prediposing factor related to the female reproductive system is likely to exist. Results of systematic psychosomatic studies in our patients will be reported later on.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 975-984 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Epitheltransport ; Cornea ; Linse ; Kurzschlußstrom ; intrazelluläres Membranpotential ; intrazelluläre K+-Aktivität ; β-adrenerger Rezeptor der Cornea ; Epithelial transport ; Human cornea ; Human crystalline lens ; Short circuit current ; Intracellular membrane potential ; Intracellular K+ activity ; Corneal β-adrenergic receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Epithelia of the eye are located in the cornea, the lens, ciliary body, and pigment epithelium. In this review the relevant aspects of electrolyte transport properties in the isolated human cornea and lens are described. The main physiological function of both the cornea and the lens is the conservation of the transparency of these structures. (1) In the isolated human cornea sodium and chloride ions are pumped towards the tear side. Both net transports are sensitive to pH-changes and can be stimulated by cyclic AMP, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. The response to adrenergic stimulation is mainly mediated by β2 receptors. Propranolol, a β-blocking agent widely used for treatment of glaucoma, hypertension, and angina pectoris, inhibits net sodium transport. By measuring intracellular membrane potentials and ion activities active transport mechanisms can be localized within the epithelium. In addition, an active transport across the endothelial cell layer has to be postulated. The discrepancy between the measured net ion flux and the short circuit current indicates that other ions but Na+ and Cl− ions are transported across the human cornea. (2) In the human lens the epithelial layer is localized on the anterior side of the tissue. In the isolated human lens short circuit current can only be inhibited by ouabain when the glycoside is added to the anterior side of the lens. From the effect of ouabain and ion substitution experiments it can be concluded that about 30% of the translenticular ion transport is maintained by Na+ transport. In addition, short-circuit current is also dependent on K+, Cl−, and HCO3 −. Measurements of intracellular membrane potential and potassium activity reveal that the interior of the lens is an electrically well connected tissue. Translenticular electrolyte transport, ionic content, and bioelectric properties of the whole lens are controlled by the epithelial monolayer of the anterior lens side. (3) Some disorders of cornea and lens in patients with chronic renal failure are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Auge sind epitheliale Strukturen lokalisiert in der Cornea, der Linse, dem Ziliarkörper und dem Pigmentepithel. Die wichtigsten Aspekte des Elektrolyttransportes in der isolierten Cornea und Linse des Menschen werden beschrieben. Die wesentliche physiologische Aktivität von Cornea und Linse besteht darin, daß die Transparenz beider Strukturen gewährleistet wird. 1. An der isolierten Cornea des Menschen lassen sich ein Natrium- und ein Chlorid-Transport in Richtung zur Seite der Tränenflüssigkeit nachweisen. Beide Netto-Transporte sind pH-sensitiv und können stimuliert werden durch zyklisches AMP, Adrenalin und Noradrenalin. Die adrenerge Stimulation ist hauptsächlich durch β2 Rezeptoren vermittelt. Propranolol, eine β-blockierende Substanz, die häufig zur Behandlung von Glaukom, Hypertonie und Angina pectoris verwandt wird, hemmt den Netto-Transport von Natrium. Durch Messungen von intrazellulären Membranpotentialen und intrazellulären Ionenaktivitäten lassen sich aktive Transport-Mechanismen in dem Epithel lokalisieren. Zusätzlich muß ein aktiver transendothelialer Transport postuliert werden. Aus der Diskrepanz zwischen Netto-Ionenflüssen und Kurzschlußstrom läßt sich ableiten, daß neben Natrium und Chlorid noch andere Ionen von der menschlichen Cornea transportiert werden. 2. Bei der menschlichen Linse ist die epitheliale Schicht an der Vorderseite der Linse lokalisiert. An der isolierten menschlichen Linse läßt sich der Kurzschlußstrom durch Ouabain nur hemmen, wenn das Glykosid an der Vorderseite der Linse appliziert wird. Aus den Experimenten mit Ouabain und aus Experimenten, bei denen verschiedene Ionen der Ringerlösung ersetzt wurden, läßt sich schließen, daß ungefähr 30% des translentikulären Ionen-Transports durch den Natrium-Transport bedingt ist. Darüberhinaus ist der Kurzschlußstrom abhängig von K+, Cl− und HCO3 −. Aus Messungen der intrazellulären Potentialdifferenz und intrazellulären K+-Aktivität ergibt sich, daß die Zellen in der Linse elektrisch gut gekoppelt sind. Translentikulärer Elektrolyt-Transport, Ionengehalt und elektrische Parameter der gesamten Linse werden von der einschichtigen Epithellage an der Vorderseite der Linse reguliert. 3. Abschließend werden einige Erkrankungen von Cornea und Linse bei Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Key words: RPE — Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate — Cl− currents — RCS rat — Retinal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract. Using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique, we studied the conditions necessary for the activation of Cl−-currents in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from rats with retinal dystrophy (RCS) and nondystrophic control rats. In RPE cells from both rat strains, intracellular application of 10 μm inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) via the patch pipette led to a sustained activation of voltage-dependent Cl− currents, blockable by 1 mm 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS). IP3 activated Cl− currents in the presence of a high concentration of the calcium chelator BAPTA (10 mm) in the pipette solution, but failed to do so when extracellular calcium was removed. Intracellular application of 10−5 m Ca2+ via the patch pipette also led to a transient activation of Cl− currents. When the cells were preincubated in a bath solution containing thapsigargin (1 μm) for 5 min before breaking into the whole-cell configuration, IP3 failed to activate voltage-dependent currents. Thus, IP3 led to release of Ca2+ from cytosolic calcium stores. This in turn activated an influx of extracellular calcium into the submembranal space by a mechanism as yet unknown, leading to an activation of calcium-dependent chloride currents. In RPE cells from RCS rats, which show an increased membrane conductance for calcium compared to normal rats, we observed an accelerated speed of Cl−-current activation induced by IP3 which could be reduced by nifedipine (1 μm). Thus, the increased membrane conductance to calcium in RPE cells from RCS rats changes the response of the cell to the second messenger IP3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Key words: Melanoma cell line — Inward rectifying K+ channel — Calcium-activated K+ channel — Patch clamp — Intracellular calcium — Tumor cell proliferation — Basic fibroblast growth factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract. K+ channels, membrane voltage, and intracellular free Ca2+ are involved in regulating proliferation in a human melanoma cell line (SK MEL 28). Using patch-clamp techniques, we found an inwardly rectifying K+ channel and a calcium-activated K+ channel. The inwardly rectifying K+ channel was calcium independent, insensitive to charybdotoxin, and carried the major part of the whole-cell current. The K+ channel blockers quinidine, tetraethylammonium chloride and Ba2+ and elevated extracellular K+ caused a dose-dependent membrane depolarization. This depolarization was correlated to an inhibition of cell proliferation. Charybdotoxin affected neither membrane voltage nor proliferation. Basic fibroblast growth factor and fetal calf serum induced a transient peak in intracellular Ca2+ followed by a long-lasting Ca2+ influx. Depolarization by voltage clamp decreased and hyperpolarization increased intracellular Ca2+, illustrating a transmembrane flux of Ca2+ following its electrochemical gradient. We conclude that K+ channel blockers inhibit cell-cycle progression by membrane depolarization. This in turn reduces the driving force for the influx of Ca2+, a messenger in the mitogenic signal cascade of human melanoma cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: corneal endothelium ; cell culture ; intracellular potential ; bicarbonate ; pH ; stilbenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Micropuncture of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells led to registrations stable for hours. Intracellular potentials were mainly in the range of −40 to −55 mV, average 46.3±0.6 mV (sem). Changes of extracellular [HCO 3 − ] led to voltage transients, their amplitude depending logarithmically on [HCO 3 − ] with a mean slope of 37.3±8.8 (sd) mV. After removal of bicarbonate/CO2, a steady-state depolarization was seen. This steady-state depolarization, but not the voltage transients, could be reduced by 1mm Ba++. After removal of bicarbonate, the voltage response to changes of extracellular potassium was reduced. Alteration of pH i induced by permeable buffers (butyrate, glycodiazine and ammonium) also resulted in voltage transients, internal acidification being correlated with a hyperpolarization, and internal alkalinization with a depolarization. Also changes of external pH caused voltage responses, alkalinization causing a hyperpolarization, acidification a depolarization. Methazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, as well as stilbenes (SITS or DIDS) caused a reduction of the voltage response to HCO 3 − and pH. Their effects were additive. It is suggested that corneal endothelial cells possess one or two electrogenic transporters for HCO 3 − or related species, one of which is inhibitable by stilbenes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Key words: Retinal pigment epithelium — RPE — Chloride channels — Tyrosine kinase — Inositolphosphates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract. This combined study of patch-clamp and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+] i ) measurement was undertaken in order to identify signaling pathways that lead to activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl− channels in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Intracellular application of InsP3 (10 μm) led to an increase in [Ca2+] i and activation of Cl− currents. In contrast, intracellular application of Ca2+ (10 μm) only induced transient activation of Cl− currents. After full activation by InsP3, currents were insensitive to removal of extracellular Ca2+ and to the blocker of I CRAC, La3+ (10 μm), despite the fact that both maneuvers led to a decline in [Ca2+] i . The InsP3-induced rise in Cl− conductance could be prevented either by thapsigargin-induced (1 μm) depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores or by removal of Ca2+ prior to the experiment. The effect of InsP3 could be mimicked by intracellular application of the Ca2+-chelator BAPTA (10 mm). Block of PKC (chelerythrine, 1 μm) had no effect. Inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase (KN-63, KN-92; 5 μm) reduced Cl−-conductance in 50% of the cells investigated without affecting [Ca2+] i . Inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase (50 μm tyrphostin 51, 5 μm genistein, 5 μm lavendustin) reduced an increase in [Ca2+] i and Cl− conductance. In summary, elevation of [Ca] i by InsP3 leads to activation of Cl− channels involving cytosolic Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Tyrosine kinases are essential for the Ca2+-independent maintenance of this conductance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 943 (1988), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rabbit cornea) ; Epithelial cell ; SIRC cell line ; Sodium ion-proton exchange ; pH, intracellular
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 985 (1989), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Vascular smooth muscle) ; A10 cell line ; Chloride radiolabel ; Chloride-bicarbonate exchange
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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