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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal input to the nucleus of the optic tract of the cat assessed by antidromic activation of ganglion cells (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 395-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus of the optic tract ; Direction-selective retinal ganglion cells ; Optokinetic reflex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the physiological properties of ganglion cells in the retina of the cat. The experiments were designed to identify those ganglion cells which project to direction-selective cells in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), by demonstrating their antidromic activation at low threshold from an electrode in the NOT. These ganglion cells presumably provide the retinal drive to the optokinetic reflex. Altogether, 11 such ganglion cells were identified in a population of 578 cells studied. All 11 were W-cells, with slow-conducting axons. Five of the 11 had on-centre direction-selective receptive fields; the other 6 had a variety of receptive field patterns. Thus, on centre-selective cells form a much higher proportion of the retinal input to direction-selective cells in the NOT than of the overall ganglion cell population. However, their receptive field properties were too varied fully to account for the selectivity of NOT cells for horizontal stimulus movement. In summary the retinal input to the NOT appears to be formed principally or entirely by W-class ganglion cells, including many which are direction selective. It still seems necessary, however, to postulate, some non-retinal mechanism to account for all the receptive field properties of direction-selective NOT cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230920
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of early monocular deprivation on response properties and afferents of nucleus of the optic tract in the ferret (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 83 (1990), S. 190-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus of the optic tract ; Monocular deprivation ; Receptive field properties ; Visual afferents ; Ferret
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effects of early monocular deprivation on visual response properties of neurons in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) were studied in six adult ferrets. Retinal input to NOT was investigated by orthodromic electrical stimulation of optic chiasm and optic nerves. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral primary visual cortex was applied to reveal the presence of a cortical pathway to NOT. All 75 neurons studied in the NOT displayed the typical strongly direction-specific response to horizontal stimulus motion; they were activated by ipsiversively directed motion (i.e. motion towards the recorded hemisphere) similar to NOT-cells in animals with normal visual experience. When tested binocularly most of the NOT-cells preferred velocities of 10 or 20 deg/s, revealing no significant difference from animals reared with normal binocular experience. The most pronounced effect of monocular deprivation was observed on ocular dominance: In the hemisphere contralateral to the non-deprived eye, NOT-cells were almost exclusively driven through the contralateral eye. In the hemisphere contralateral to the deprived eye, three of the six animals studied showed a marked dominance of the ipsilateral, non-deprived eye. In the other three animals, most neurons were binocularly activated, but over all they were significantly more strongly activated by the ipsilateral eye than found in normal animals. In four animals, dependence of ocular dominance on stimulus velocity was tested in the NOT contralateral to the deprived eye. In one of them, neurons were almost exclusively driven by the ipsilateral, non-deprived eye, irrespective of stimulus velocity. In the other animals, ocular dominance shifted from contralateral to ipsilateral with increasing stimulus velocities. Electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm revealed a mean latency of 5.53 ± 0.48 ms. In both hemispheres, NOT-units could only be activated by stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve. Thus, no significant difference in the retinofugal conduction velocities from the deprived and the normal nerve could be detected. Of 52 cells studied, 28 (= 54%) could be activated by stimulation of primary visual cortex, mean latency being 3.9± 1.7 ms. No significant difference in the percentage of cortically excitable cells between the two hemispheres as well as compared to normal animals was found (contralateral to the deprived eye: 67%, contralateral to the non-deprived eye: 53%). Therefore, cortical projections to NOT seem not to be affected by monocular deprivation. The effects of monocular deprivation in the ferret NOT, especially on ocular dominance and cortical input, are compared to the results previously described for the cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232208
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of early monocular deprivation on visual input to cat nucleus of the optic tract (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 51 (1983), S. 236-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus of the optic tract ; Monocular deprivation ; Visual responses ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single cells were recorded extracellularly in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) in monocularly deprived cats. Monocular deprivation had no effect on the direction specificity of these neurons, i.e. all cells in the left nucleus preferred movements from right to left and all units in the right nucleus preferred movements from left to right in the visual field. Neurons driven from the deprived eye failed to respond to stimuli moving at velocities above 10°/s whereas neurons driven from the non-deprived eye responded to velocities up to and above 100°/s as do neurons in normal cats. In 8 out of the 10 cats tested all cells in the two nuclei could be influenced only from the contralateral eye irrespective whether this was the deprived or the non-deprived eye. In the other two cats the influence from the non-deprived eye on cells in the ipsilateral NOT was found to be normal. This influence is mediated probably via cortico-fugal projections. In the 8 abnormal cats a clear deprivation effect could be assigned for the first time to the non-deprived eye consisting in a loss of its connections to the ipsilateral NOT. Electrical stimulation of the visual cortex revealed, however, the existence of a connection between the visual cortex and the NOT. A possible explanation for the specific deficit with visual stimulation in the cortico-pretectal synapse ipsilateral to the non-deprived eye is discussed in relation to developmental mechanisms. The conduction velocity of retinal input to the NOT and the output of the NOT to the inferior olive remained uninfluenced by visual deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237199
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in the effects of monocular deprivation on the optokinetic reflex of the non-deprived eye in the cat (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1985), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus ; Nucleus of the optic tract ; Monocular deprivation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Six cats monocularly deprived by eye lid closure within the first week after birth showed the same deficits in the optokinetic reflex (OKR) when tested through the deprived eye as adults irrespective of whether the deprivation period was 6, 24 or 36 months. Closed loop gain (eye velocity/ stimulus velocity) during temporo-nasal stimulus movement was below 0.8 and approached zero at stimulus velocities above 20°/s. Naso-temporal stimulus movement was ineffective in eliciting OKR gain higher than 0.1 at velocities above 10°/s. 2. Different optokinetic deficits were found when the non-deprived eye was tested. In 3 cats OKR gain of the non-deprived eye was reduced with temporally directed stimulus movement when compared to normal whereas the gain of nasal OKR was uneffected. In these cats only monocular cells could be found in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), a pretectal cell aggregation involved in the optokinetic reflex pathway. In the other 3 cats the OKR of the non-deprived eye was not different from normal and could be elicited almost equally well in both directions. In these cats binocular cells were found in the NOT ipsilateral to the non-deprived eye. Again duration (6, 24 or 36 months) of monocular deprivation had no influence on this dichotomy. 3. In a cat with asymmetric OKR of the non-deprived eye, the removal of the visual cortex ipsilateral to the non-deprived eye produced a small but significant gain decrease for temporal OKR of the non-deprived eye but no change when the deprived eye was tested. Visual cortex lesion ipsilateral to the deprived eye in the same cat had also no effect on the deprived eye's performance but reduced nasal OKR gain for the non-deprived eye at high velocities. 4. The effects induced by long term monocular deprivation were not reversed after intensively forcing the use of the deprived eye by closing the non-deprived eye. Also enucleation of the deprived eye had no effect on the gain of the non-deprived eye. 5. These optokinetic deficits are discussed in relation to functional changes in the NOT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235627
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and anatomical identification of the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract in monkeys (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 635-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus of the optic tract ; Dorsal terminal nucleus ; Inferior olive ; Visual responses ; Macaque monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Physiological and anatomical criteria were used to clearly establish the existence of a pretectal relay of visual information to the ipsilateral inferior olive in the macaque monkey. After injection of horseradish peroxidase into the inferior olivary nucleus, retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract (DTN). The labelled cells were distributed in a sparse band arching below the margin of the brachium of the superior colliculus between the dorsal and lateral borders of the brainstem at the caudal edge of the pulvinar. Various types of cells could be distinguished. More superficially the cells were extremely spindle shaped, cells deeper within the midbrain had more compact somata. NOT-DTN neurons in the same region were also found to respond with short latencies to electrical stimulation of both the inferior olive and the optic chiasm. All neurons in the NOTDTN which were antidromically activated from the inferior olive were also found to have direction specific binocular visual responses. Such neurons were excited by ipsiversive motion and suppressed by contraversive motion, regardless of whether large area random dot stimuli moved across the visual field or small single dots moved across the fovea. Direct retinal input to these neurons was via slowly conducting fibers (3–9 m/s) from the monkey's optic tract conduction velocity spectrum. As shown previously for non-primates, NOT-DTN cells may also in the monkey carry a signal representing the velocity error between stimulus and retina (retinal slip), and relay this signal into the circuitry mediating the optokinetic reflex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247315
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual response properties and afferents of nucleus of the optic tract in the ferret (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 83 (1990), S. 178-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus of the optic tract ; Visual responses ; Retinal afferents ; Cortical afferents ; Ferret
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Basic properties of responses to visual stimulation with large moving random dot patterns were studied in ferret nucleus of the optic tract. Retinal input to NOT was assessed by orthodromic electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm and optic nerves. Presence of an input from visual cortex was tested by orthodromic electrical stimulation of ipsilateral area 17. All 51 NOT neurons studied displayed a non-habituating, clearly direction-specific response: discharge rate strongly increased with the stimulus pattern moving horizontally in ipsiversive direction (motion directed towards the recorded hemisphere) and decreased with contraversive stimulus motion. Most latencies to visual stimulation ranged from 80 to 100 ms. Velocity tuning was studied using stimulus velocities between 4 deg/s and 100 deg/s. Discharge rates were most effectively modulated at a stimulus velocity of 20 deg/s. A large portion of the cells studied (91%) could be binocularly activated, although for almost all neurons the contralateral eye was dominant. Through stimulation of the optic chiasm 46 out of 51 NOT neurons could be electrically activated with a latency of 5.42 ± 0.66 ms (mean ± SD). For 15 fibers stimulated from both optic chiasm and contralateral optic nerve, conduction velocities between 2.5 and 8.9 m/s, with a mean of 5.1 m/s, were obtained. A major direct input from the ipsilateral retina was not found. Furthermore, 65% of all neurons could be activated through electrical stimulation of visual cortex with a mean latency of 3.7 ± 1.5 ms, indicating a strong cortical projection to ferret NOT. The functional relevance of response properties of ferret NOT neurons for horizontal optokinetic nystagmus is discussed. Parameters that could be related to formation of a cortico-pretectal projection in mammals are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232207
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of electrophysiology, morphology, and functions in corticotectal and corticopretectal projection neurons in rat visual cortex (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 119 (1998), S. 375-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Visual cortex ; Superior colliculus ; Nucleus of the optic tract ; Electrophysiology ; Morphology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In most mammals the superior colliculus (SC) and the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) receive direct input from the ipsilateral visual cortex via projection neurons from infragranular layer V. We examined whether these projection neurons belong to different populations and, if so, whether it is possible to correlate the electrophysiological features with the suggested function of these neurons. Projection cells were retrogradely labeled in vivo by rhodamine-coupled latex beads or fast blue injections into the SC or the NOT 2–5 days prior to the electrophysiological experiment. Intracellular recordings of prelabeled neurons were made from standard slice preparations and cells were filled with biocytin in order to reveal their morphology. Both cell populations consist of layer V pyramids with long apical dendrites that form terminal tufts in layer I. In electrophysiological terms, 12 of the corticotectal cells could be classified as intrinsically bursting (IB), while two neurons showed a doublet firing characteristic and one neuron was classified as regular-spiking (RS). Intracortical microstimulation of cortical layer II/III revealed that SC-projecting neurons responded optimally to stimulation sites up to a distance of 1000 μm from the recorded cell. The morphological features of the SC-projecting cells reveal an apical dendritic tuft in layer I with a lateral extension of 300 μm, a mean spine density of 65 spines per 40 μm on the apical dendrites located in layer II/III, and a bouton density of 13 boutons per 100 μm on the intracortical axons. Sixteen NOT-projecting neurons exhibited an IB and five cells an RS characteristic. Intracortical microstimulation of cortical layer II/III showed that NOT-projecting neurons responded optimally to stimulation sites up to a distance of 1500 μm. Their morphological features consist of an apical dendritic tuft with a lateral extension of 500 μm, a mean spine density of 25 spines per 40 μm on the apical dendrites located in layer II/III, and a bouton density of 6 boutons per 100 μm on the intracortical axons. When the passive membrane parameters, responses to intracortical microstimulation in layer V, the extension of the basal dendritic field, and spine densities in layers I or V were compared between SC- and NOT-projecting cells, no differences were revealed. Differences were only consistently found in the supragranular layers, either for morphological parameters or for intracortical microstimulation. The results suggest that NOT-projecting and SC-projecting neurons, although biophysically similar, could integrate and transmit different spatial aspects of cortical visual information to their target structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050353
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