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  • Oxygen radicals  (5)
  • Schlüsselwörter Magnetresonanztomographie  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 12 (1992), S. 515-522 
    ISSN: 0891-5849
    Keywords: Acute pancreatitis ; Free radicals ; Lipid peroxidation ; Oxygen radicals ; Scavangers
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acute pancreatitis ; Oxygen radicals ; Lipid peroxidation ; Scavenger treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to assess the involvement of oxygen radicals in acute edematous and hemorrhagic panreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by the CCK-analogue cerulein (5 μg/kg/h) and by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate for 30 min, 3.5 h, and 12 h. At the end of the infusion and observation time, serum enzymes, conjugated dienes, and malondialdehyde in the tissue were measured. Moreover, the tissue samples underwent light microscopical examination. In cerulein pancreatitis, an interstitial edema and intravascular margination of granulocytes in the pancreatic gland were observed after 3.5 h. After 12 h, the histological evaluation revealed a pronounced zymogen degranulation, extensive tissue necrosis and migration of granulocytes into the tissue. Parallelly, amylase and lipase increased by 15 and 35 times, respectively. In contrast, conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde increased in cerulein pancreatitis and reached their highest level after 3.5 h and decreased to normal levels after 12 h. The development of the histological damages and serum enzyme levels with sodium taurocholate pancreatitis was similar as compared to the cerulein pancreatitis, however, the development was faster and more traumatic. Already after 3.5 h an extensive zymogen degranulation and cell necrosis was observed. Concomitantly, the amylase and lipase levels increased by 90 and 30 times, respectively. Treatment with superoxide dismutase (100000 U/kg/h) and catalase (400 000 U/kg/h) prevented lipid peroxidation and reduced zymogen degranulation and tissue necrosis. Tissue edema and inflammatory response were not affected in both models of acute pancreatitis. Moreover, scavenger treatment improved the survival rate in sodium taurocholate pancreatitis. It is therefore concluded that oxygen free radicals seem to be instrumental for the development of the disease. Scavenger treatment can mitigate the pancreatic tissue damages and the extrapancreatic complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 1095-1098 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Liver ; Warm ischemia ; Reperfusion ; Oxygen radicals ; Allopurinol ; Deferoxamine ; Iron ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The generation of free oxygen radicals is presumed as a substantial pathogenetic principle in reperfusion injury. Although demonstrated in gut, muscle and kidneys its role in liver reperfusion injury is still under investigation. In an experimental rat model of warm liver ischemia of 60 min and 8 h reperfusion electron resonance spectroscopy assessed the increased generation of free radicals in early reperfusion period, leading to a decrease of polyunsaturated free fatty acids in liver tissue within 15 min of reperfusion. Histologically, single cell death, local and patchy necrosis of hepatic lobuli could be observed after 8 h reperfusion (n=6). These histologic signs of liver injury could be attenuated by administration of superoxid-dismutase in combination with catalase but not by allopurinol. Best results could be obtained by deferoxamine. This indicates that increased generation of free oxygen radicals in reperfusion is not caused by the known conversion of xanthine-dehygrogenase to -oxidase but is mediated by an increased generation of hydroxyl-radicals, which can be scavenged by deferoxamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Oxygen radicals ; Phospholipase A2 ; Pancreatitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to assess the involvement of oxygen radicals and phospholipase A2 in acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by the CCK-analogue cerulein (5 µg/kg · h) for 30 min, 3.5 h, and 12 h. At the end of the infusion, serum enzymes and the lipid peroxidation products conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde in the tissue were measured. Moreover, tissue samples underwent lightmicroscopical examination. After 3.5 h cerulein, an interstitial edema and a beginning accumulation of granulocytes in the pancreatic gland is observed. These changes are aggravating within 12 h, leading to tissue necrosis and migration of the granulocytes into the tissue. Concomitantly amylase and lipase increase by 15 and 35 times, respectively. Conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde increase already after 30 min cerulein and reach their highest levels after 3.5 h cerulein. At the same time the tissue activity of phospholipase A2 is elevated three fold. Rats were treated with superoxide dismutase and catalase before cerulein infusion. Treatment significantly prevents tissue necrosis, granulocyte accumulation, and edema formation. The enhanced activity of phospholipase A2, however, is unaffected by the treatment. Oxygen radicals seem to be instrumental in the development of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Histamine ; Oxygen radicals ; PAF ; LECAM-1 ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen derived free radicals are involved in many pathological processes such as postischemic reperfusion injuries, hepatotoxicity of drugs and inflammatory processes. Thereby these oxygen radicals induce lipid peroxidation and perturbation of cellular membranes. The aim of our present study was to determine whether oxygen radicals generated by the xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine system cause a release of histamine in human blood cell cultures. Stimulation of blood cell cultures with oxygen radicals induced a histamine liberation which was mainly due to calcium independent processes during the first 30 min, whereas then calcium requiring processes took part in the release of histamine. The regulation of the leukocyte selectin LECAM-1 was altered by oxygen radicals whereas histamine, which is known to modulate vascular selectin expression, did not affect the expression of LECAM-1. Our data indicate that oxygen radicals induce a direct calcium independent release of histamine which is due to membrane pertubating processes during the first phase but also induce a specific reaction leading to a further indirect histamine liberation which is probably mediated by PAF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Magnetresonanztomographie ; T2 ; Liquorunterdrückung ; FLAIR ; HIRE ; Gliome ; Keywords MR-Imaging ; CSF suppression ; FLAIR ; HIRE ; Cerebral gliomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. The HIRE sequence utilizes the very long T2 value of CSF to suppress its high signal contribution in T2-weighted imaging by an image subtraction technique. Methods. To assess the diagnostic potential of a new dark fluid sequence HIRE (High Intensity REduction) in the diagnostic work-up, 20 patients with histologically confirmed cerebral gliomas were examined with T2-weighted FSE, T1-weighted SE, fast FLAIR and HIRE using identical scan parameters. In patients with enhancing lesions fast FLAIR and HIRE were added to the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted SE images. Images were analyzed in a qualitative and quantitative evaluation. In the qualitative lesion analysis, lesion delineation and differentiation between enhancing and non enhancing tumor tissue were by two readers. For the quantitative analysis lesion-to-background and lesion-to-CSF contrast and contrast to noise ratios were determined in an region of interest analysis. Results. HIRE achieved a significant reduction of the CSF signal without loosing the high gray-to-white matter contrast of T2 weighted sequences. In the quantitative analysis, the contrast ratios of the HIRE were lower compared to the FLAIR images due to a relative high background and CSF signal. After the application of contrast media HIRE images revealed a significant signal increase in enhancing lesions, which subsequently increased the contrast and contrast-to-noise ratios. In the qualitative analysis, both readers found all tumors clearly delineated on HIRE imaging. Compared to T2-weighted FSE the tumor delineation with HIRE was better in nine patients, equal in four patients and less in one patient. Compared to the FLAIR images HIRE was rated superior in three patients, equal in nine patients and inferior in another three patients. Delineation of the enhancing tumor parts was possible with HIRE in all patients. HIRE images present significant less image artifacts than FLAIR images due to reduced inflow effects. Conclusions. The presented T2 based HIRE sequence is an alternative to the T1 based FLAIR sequence with the advantage of a better gray to white matter contrast and shorter measurement time. Due to the subtraction technique signal intensities from tissues with T2 relaxation times in the range between white matter and CSF are also partially affected depending on their T2 values. With respect to this undesired effect, an improvement in HIRE imaging will be expected by a self-weighted subtraction algorithm.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel. Ziel unserer Untersuchungen war es, die diagnostische Wertigkeit einer neuen liquorunterdrückten, T2-gewichteten Sequenz namens HIRE (high intensity reduction) bei Patienten mit zerebralen Gliomen zu überprüfen. Methode. Die HIRE-Sequenz verwendet die sehr langen T2-Zeiten von Liquor, um die hohe Signalintensität desselben auf T2-gewichteten Bildgebungssequenzen zu unterdrücken. Sie bedient sich hierbei einer Subtraktionstechnik, wobei innerhalb einer schnellen Spinechosequenz ein T2-gewichtetes und ein liquorgewichtetes spätes Echo aufgenommen und anschließend komplex voneinander subtrahiert werden. Die Methode wurde bislang an 20 Patienten mit histologisch gesicherten zerebralen Gliomen überprüft und mit konventionellen T2-gewichteten schnellen Spinechosequenzen, T1-gewichteten Spinechosequenzen und einer FLAIR-Sequenz verglichen. Um den Einfluss von Kontrastmittel auf die Sequenzen zu prüfen, wurden die T1-gewichteten, FLAIR-gewichteten und HIRE-gewichteten Sequenzen nach Kontrastmittelgabe wiederholt. Die qualitative Analyse der Bilddaten umfasste die Läsionserkennbarkeit, die Läsionsabgrenzbarkeit und die Unterscheidung zwischen anreicherndem und nicht anreicherndem Tumorgewebe auf der Basis einer 2-Reader-Analyse. Für die quantitative Analyse wurden Läsions-Hintergrund- und Läsions-Liquor-Kontrast sowie Kontrast-Rausch-Werte anhand einer Region-of-interest-Analyse bestimmt. Ergebnisse. Mit Hilfe der HIRE-Technik konnte eine signifikante Reduktion des Liquorsignals erreicht werden, ohne dass, wie auf den FLAIR-Aufnahmen, der hohe Kontrast zwischen grauer und weißer Hirnsubstanz verloren ging. In der quantitativen Analyse war der Läsions-Hintergrund-Kontrast und Läsions-Liquor-Kontrast geringer als auf der FLAIR-Bildgebung, was durch das recht hohe Hintergrundsignal und die geringer ausgeprägte Liquorunterdrückung erklärt werden kann. Wie bei der FLAIR-Sequenz war auch auf der HIRE-Sequenz nach Kontrastmittelgabe eine leichte Kontrastmittelanreicherung erkennbar, welche die Kontrast- und Kontrast-Rausch-Werte zusätzlich verbesserte. In der qualitativen Analyse fanden beide MR-Radiologen sämtliche Tumoren auf der HIRE-Sequenz gut abgrenzbar. Im Vergleich zu den T2-gewichteten Sequenzen und den FLAIR-Sequenzen war die HIRE-Technik hierbei nicht unterlegen. Als Vorteile der HIRE-Sequenz wurden der sehr gute Kontrast zwischen grauer und weißer Hirnsubstanz und die deutlich geringeren Bildgebungsartefakte gewertet. Schlussfolgerungen. Zusammengefasst stellt die beschriebene HIRE-Sequenz eine Alternative zu den leicht T1-gewichteten FLAIR-Sequenzen als Methode zur Liquorunterdrückung dar. Durch ihre sehr hohen Signal-Rausch-Werte, dem sehr guten Grau-weiß-Kontrast und die signifikant kürzere Messzeit ist die Technik klinisch einsetzbar. Die im Vergleich zu den FLAIR-Aufnahmen geringeren Tumor-Kontrast-Werte sind durch eine partielle Unterdrückung des Liquors infolge der Subtraktionstechnik bedingt und können durch Verbesserung der Subtraktions- und Aufnahmeparameter deutlich minimiert werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Magnetresonanztomographie ; FLAIR-Sequenz ; ZNS ; Metastasen ; Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; FLAIR sequence ; CNS ; Metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study demonstrates the value of a fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) technique in the assessment of cerebral gliomas and metastases. Thirty-five patients with cerebral gliomas and 12 patients with a total of 39 cerebral metastases were examined by T2/proton density-weighted fast spin echo, fast FLAIR with and without contrast medium and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin echo using identical slice parameters. The images were evaluated using quantitative and qualitative criteria. Quantitative criteria were tumor-to-background and tumor-to-cerebrospinal fluid contrast and contrast-to-noise. The qualitative evaluation was performed as a multireader analysis concerning lesion detection, lesion delineation and image artifacts. In the qualitative evaluation, all readers found fast FLAIR to be superior to fast spin echo in the exact delineation of cerebral tumors (P〈0.001) and the delineation of enhancing and nonenhancing tumor parts. Fast FLAIR was superior in the delineation of cortically located and small lesions but was limited in lesions adjacent to the ventricles. Fast FLAIR provided a significantly better tumor-to-CSF contrast and tumor-to-CSF contrast-to-noise (P〈0.001). The tumor-to-background contrast and tumor-to-background contrast-to-noise of the fast FLAIR images were lower than that of T2-weighted spin-echo images but were significantly increased after the application of contrast medium. FLAIR images had a more image artifacts, but these influenced the image interpretation in only two patients. Signal hyperintensities at the ventricular border were present in 92% of the patients. These are common findings in fast FLAIR and should be included in image interpretation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die diagnostische Wertigkeit einer schnellen Fluid-attenuated-inversion-recovery-(FLAIR-) Sequenz wurde an 35 Patienten mit zerebralen Gliomen und 12 Patienten mit insgesamt 39 zerebralen Metastasen überprüft. Es wurden FLAIR vor und nach Kontrastmittel, T2/PD gewichtete schnelle SE (FSE) und kontrastmittelunterstützte T1-gewichtete SE-Sequenzen anhand quantitativer und qualitativer Kriterien verglichen. Die quantitative Auswertung umfaßte Tumor-zu-Marklager- und Tumor-zu-Liquor-Kontrast- und Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Bestimmungen. In der qualitativen Auswertung wurde die Tumordetektion und Abgrenzung anhand einer Multireaderanalyse (4 Leser) beurteilt. In der qualitativen Auswertung fanden alle Leser die FLAIR-Aufnahmen den konventionellen Sequenzen in der exakten Abgrenzung des Gesamttumors und der Abgrenzung von anreichernden von den nicht anreichernden Tumoranteilen überlegen. In der Detektion von zerebralen Metastasen hingegen zeigte sich die FLAIR-Technik den T1-SE-Sequenzen deutlich unterlegen. In der qualitativen Analyse stieg das Signal nach Kontrastmittelgabe bei anreichernden Tumoren auf den FLAIR-Bildern um 37%, wodurch der Tumor-zu-Marklager-Kontrast deutlich über den der konventionellen Aufnahmen stieg. Durch die Kontrastmittelgabe wurde durch die Abgrenzung der infiltrativen Tumoranteile signifikant verbessert. Es wird daher empfohlen, FLAIR-Aufnahmen nach Kontrastmittelgabe durchzuführen. Artefakte nahe der Liquorräume sind auf FLAIR-Bildern häufig, sie störten die Bildinterpretation jedoch nicht wesentlich. Signalhyperintensitäten aufgrund physiologischer Gliosezonen an den Ventrikelrändern sind ebenfalls häufig zu beobachten und müssen in die Bildinterpretation einbezogen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 849-857 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Magnetresonanztomographie ; Neuroradiologie ; Funktionelle Bildgebung ; Perfusion ; Diffusion ; Spektroskopie ; Keywords Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neuroradiology ; Functional magnetic resonance imaging ; Perfusion ; Diffusion ; Magnetic resonance Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The assessment of cerebral functions has long been the domain of positron-emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography. The use of rapid imaging sequences and contrast agents enables physiological and pathophysiological cerebral processes to be assessed and monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. Both T1- and T2*-weighted contrast-enhanced fast imaging sequences can be used to assess tissue perfusion, vascularity, and microcirculation by applying models developed in nuclear medicine. The diffusion of water molecules and hemodynamic aspects of the macrovasculature can also be monitored. Functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enables the visualization of neuronal function and activity, and MR spectroscopy makes possible the metabolic mapping of lesions and surrounding tissue. The advantages of MR techniques includes their low invasiveness, multiplanar imaging ability, and lack of radiation. This contribution discusses the clinical use of functional MR imaging methods and their role in neuroradiological diseases. Measuring perfusion and diffusion allows detailed insight into the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and is already being used routinely in acute ischemic stroke. Dynamic MR angiography enables the hemodynamic assessment of vascular malformations. In CNS neoplasms these imaging techniques can improve lesion characterization and the selecting, planning, and monitoring of therapy. Functional MR imaging techniques have also revolutionized the study of psychiatric illness; however, their clinical utility here is still limited. Initial results in patients with dementia and schizophrenia have provided insight into the pathophysiological changes of these diseases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Funktionelle Untersuchungen des Gehirns waren lange Zeit lediglich mit nuklearmedizinischen Methoden wie der Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) und der Single-Photonen-Emission-Computed-Tomography (SPECT) möglich. Durch den Einsatz schneller Bildgebungssequenzen, optimierter Kontrastmittelapplikationen und spezieller Nachverarbeitungsmethoden wurde es möglich, physiologische und pathophysiologische Prozesse mittels der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zu beobachten. Mit T1- und T2*-gewichteten kontrastmittelunterstützten Bildgebungssequenzen können Informationen über die Gewebeperfusion, Mikrozirkulation und die Permeabilität der Blut-Hirn-Schranke unter Anwendung spezieller, z. T. aus der Nuklearmedizin stammender Modelle erfasst werden. Die Eigendiffusion von Wassermolekülen im Gewebe ist mit diffusionsgewichteter MRT, die Markrovaskulatur, zeitlich aufgelöst, mit MR-angiographischen Techniken darstellbar. Auch eine neuronale Aktivität einfacher oder komplexer Natur kann mit funktionellen MR-Techniken visualisiert werden. Mit MR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen können metabolische Verteilungen in normalem und pathologischem Gewebe mehrdimensional erfasst und Stoffwechselvorgänge im Verlauf beobachtet werden. Vorteile der MRT ist die geringe Invasivität, die Möglichkeit einer dreidimensionalen Darstellung der Daten und eine beliebige Wiederholbarkeit der Untersuchung bei fehlender Strahlenbelastung. Die bereits klinisch einsetzbaren funktionellen Methoden werden beschrieben und ihr Einsatz in der Neuroradiologie auch in Bezug auf die Wertigkeit im Vergleich zu nuklearmedizinischen Methoden diskutiert. Perfusions- und Diffusions-MRT liefern wichtige Zusatzinformationen im akuten und chronischen Stadium der zerebralen Ischämie und werden bereits routinemäßig bei akutem Schlaganfall eingesetzt. Dynamische MR-Angiographien erlauben eine hämodynamische Einstufung von Gefäßmissbildungen. In der Tumordiagnostik liefern die funktionellen MR-Techniken wichtige Zusatzinformationen für die Therapiefindung, Therapieplanung und das Therapiemonitoring. Die Untersuchung psychiatrischen Erkrankungen wurde durch die funktionelle MRT revolutioniert, obwohl der klinische Einsatz noch limitiert ist. Erste Untersuchungen konnten zeigen, dass die Methoden in der Lage sind, pathophysiologische Veränderungen bei Demenzen und Psychosen sensitiv zu erfassen.
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