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  • Physics  (13)
  • Structure of high modulus  (1)
  • polyethylene  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyethylene ; Structure of high modulus ; Ultra-oriented polymers ; Structure of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die morphologische strukturelle Charakterisierung von ultrahoch orientierten Polymeren wird unter Berücksichtigung von Ergebnissen der Sekundärelektronenmikroskopie, der Röntgen- und Ramanstreuung der DSC und der Gelchromatographie (GPC) diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß zwischen schwach verstreckten und ultrahoch orientierten Produkten gewisse Ähnlichkeiten bestehen. So sind Fibrillen und Kristallamellen auch bei extrem hohen Verstreckverhältnissen noch beobachtbar. Andererseits sind sog. Kristallbrücken zwischen benachbarten Kristallamellen ein charakteristisches Strukturelement ultrahoch, verstreckter Strukturen. Röntgen- und GPC-Messungen zeigen daß Strukturen mit hohem Elastizitätsmodulen nicht notwendigerweise extrem lange Kristallsequenzen enthalten müssen. Selbst bei höchsten Verstreckverhältnissen überschreitet die mittlere Kristallitlänge (Gewichtsmittel) nicht 600 Å. Hierdurch wird ein statistisches Modell für die Struktur der kristallinen Phase in LPE unterstützt. Es wird betont, daß-einige Aspekte des Verstreckverhaltens und der Überhitzung von orientierten Proben besser durch topologische als durch strukturelle Gesichtspunkte erklärt werden können. Die Analyse des Deformationsvorganges und die Analogie zum Verstreckverhalten von vernetztem LPE unterstützten stark die Vorstellung, daß man es mit einem molekularen Netzwerk zu tun hat, dessen Netzpunkte durch Kristallite und amorphe Verschlaufungen gebildet werden.
    Notes: Summary The morphological and structural characterisation of ultra-oriented polymers have been reviewed in the light of evidence from a variety of techniques (SEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, DSC and GPC). It has been shown that similarities exist between low draw samples and ultra oriented products. Fibrils and lamellar crystals are still present at the highest draw ratios. However, a key element in these structures is the development of crystalline bridges linking adjacent lamellae. The X-ray and GPC measurements indicate that the structural continuity associated with high moduli does not involve extremely long crystalline sequences. Even at the highest draw ratios the weight average crystal size does not exceed 600 Å. These results support a model for the structure of the crystalline phase in ultra oriented LPE proposed on the basis of statistical calculations. Finally, it has been emphasized that to explain some aspects of the drawing behaviour of the polymers and the superheating effects exhibited by the oriented samples, topological rather than structural arguments have to be invoked. The analysis of the deformation process and the analogies with the drawing behaviour of cross-linked LPE strongly suggest the presence of a particular molecular network in which effective junctions are provided by the crystals and amorphous entanglements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2355-2369 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: fracture ; fatigue ; polyethylene ; molecular weight distribution ; short chain branch content ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stepwise fatigue crack propagation in a range of polyethylene resins, some of which are candidates for use in pipes for natural gas distribution, was studied. Examination of the effect of molding conditions on fatigue crack propagation in a pipe resin indicated that fast cooling under pressure produced specimens with the same crack resistance as specimens taken from a pipe extruded from this resin. The mechanism of stepwise crack propagation in fatigue was the same as reported previously for creep loading. Observations of the region ahead of the arrested crack revealed a complex damage zone that consisted of a thick membrane at the crack tip followed by a main craze with subsidiary shear crazes that emerged from the crack tip at an angle to the main craze. The effects of molecular parameters, such as molecular weight, comonomer content, and branch distribution, on the kinetics of fatigue crack propagation were examined. Correlation of creep and fatigue crack resistance made it possible to relate fatigue fracture toughness to molecular parameters by invoking concepts of craze fibril stability developed for creep. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2355-2369, 1998
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1435-1447 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the effects of annealing at high temperature (130°C) on the dynamic mechanical properties and melting behavior of a series of ultrahigh-modulus polyethylenes. Although annealing always resulted in a substantial decrease in modulus, there were marked differences between samples of moderate draw ratio, depending on whether they are annealed at constant length or unconstrained. On the other hand, the differences were small for high-draw-ratio samples, indicating their greater thermal stability. In all cases the -50°C plateau modulus correlated well with the degree of crystal continuity estimated from wide-angle x-ray diffraction measurements of crystal length combined with small-angle measurements of the long period. The corresponding changes in melting behavior were entirely consistent with the changes observed in the mechanical stiffness. Both types of measurement together with the x-ray results have been used to gain an understanding of the morphological changes occurring on annealing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 20 (1982), S. 1107-1128 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The technique of nitric acid etching followed by gel permeation chromatography has been used to determine the crystal length distribution in ultrahigh-modulus polyethylenes. The crystal length distribution has been studied as a function of draw ratio, polymer molecular weight, processing conditions, and annealing. The results confirm that although there is a considerable broadening of the crystal length distribution on drawing, the majority of crystals have lengths less that 500 Å. There are detailed changes in the length distribution due to changes in draw temperature, molecular weight, and annealing which are not always reflected in corresponding changes in the long period determined from small-angle x-ray scattering. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 693-703 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) behavior of drawn linear polyethylene (LPE) has been investigated as a function of draw ratio and molecular weight. All the samples examined showed a dependence of the melting temperature on heating rate, an effect generally known as superheating. The magnitude of this effect, as well as the maximum melting temperatures, increased markedly at high draw ratio and high molecular weight. The highest melting temperature recorded was 145°C for a tape of draw ratio 25 and weight-average molecular weight of 312,000. The results were first considered in terms of the information which might be provided regarding crystal thickness. It was concluded that the DSC data are consistent with previous wide-angle x-ray diffraction results in confirming that an extended chain morphology similar to that observed in pressure crystallized LPE is not present in these samples. Secondly, the superheating effects were examined in the light of the possible configurational constraints on the amorphous regions of drawn polymers, along the lines proposed by Zachmann. It is possible to understand the effects of draw ratio and molecular weight very well on this basis, in a manner consistent with previous structural results on these materials.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1489-1504 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the low-frequency Raman longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) vibration in oriented linear polyethylenes. The oriented samples were prepared by tensile drawing of both slow-cooled and quenched sheets, and included ultrahigh-modulus materials from draw ratios up to 30. A LAM line is observed clearly in samples of low and intermediate molecular weight up to draw ratios of ca. 15. In all these cases the Raman spectrum has been used to calculate the whole distribution of crystal sizes. This procedure leads to values of the number-average and weight-average crystal size which are in good agreement with crystal size determinations by x-ray diffractometry and gel permeation chromatography on etched samples. At higher draw ratios the peak intensity of the LAM line is diminished. This can be attributed to a change in the distribution of crystal thicknesses, consistent with data from x-ray diffraction and nitric acid etching. Effects due to initial morphology, sample molecular weight, and draw temperature have also been examined.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 667-675 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The technique of nitric acid etching followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has been used to study the structure of ultrahigh-modulus linear polyethylene (LPE) tapes drawn to draw ratio λ of 20. For comparison, lower draw ratio (λ = 11) samples were also examined. The etching was carried out in fuming nitric acid at 60°C and the progress of the reaction was monitored by measuring weight loss and molecular weight distributions as a function of time over a period up to 25 days. Consistent with previous work by us and other workers, notably Porter and Peterlin and co-workers, the ultrahigh-modulus products exhibit an exceptional resistance to the acid attack, i.e., after 3 days their weight loss is still negligible while at lower draw ratios it could be as high as 30%. At longer times, however, the rate of weight loss becomes comparable for the two sets of samples, even if the absolute values are much smaller for the products of λ = 20. During the early stages of the etching treatment a rapid decrease in molecular weight and narrowing of the molecular weight distribution is observed in all cases. Eventually the molecular weight distribution becomes time independent, while the weight loss continues to increase. This stage coincides with the attack of the lateral surfaces of the crystals becoming the dominant process and it is considered that the observed molecular length distribution then reflects the distribution of crystal thicknesses. The values of the weight average crystal thickness derived from the GPC experiments (L̄w) are in very good agreement with those obtained from wide-angle x-ray determinations. Furthermore the ratio of weight-average to number-average crystal thickness (L̄w/L̄n) is about 2 for the high draw (λ = 20) samples, i.e., the value predicted by the simple statistical model proposed by Gibson, Davies, and Ward for the structure of ultrahigh-modulus LPE. It is therefore concluded that the nitric acid etching/GPC technique can be used for reliable measurements of crystal size and crystal size distribution in ultraoriented LPE.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The drawing behavior of linear polyethylene homopolymers with weight-average molecular weights (M̄w) from 101,450 to ca. 3,500,000 has been studied over the temperature range 75°C to the melting point. In all cases 1-cm gauge length samples were drawn in an Instron tensile testing machine at a constant cross-head speed of 10 cm/min. With the exception of the lowest molecular weight polymer, it was found that increasing the draw temperature led to substantial increases in the maximum draw ratio which could be achieved, and that this increased monotonically with increasing draw temperature. Measurements of the Young's modulus of the drawn materials showed, however, that the unique relationship between modulus and draw ratio previously established for drawing at 75°C was not maintained to the highest draw temperatures. The highest draw temperature at which this relation held was found to be strongly molecular weight dependent, increasing from ca. 80 to ca. 125°C when M̄w increased from 101,450 to 800,000. In all cases conditions could be found for drawing samples to draw ratios of 20 or more with correspondingly large values of the Young's modulus.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 493-509 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of molecular weight and temperature on the tensile drawing behavior of polypropylene has been studied, with particular reference to the production of ultra-high-modulus oriented materials. It has been shown that the optimum draw temperature is molecular weight independent to a good approximation, and that high-modulus products can be obtained for M̄w in the range 180,000-400,000, the highest modulus being achieved for polymer with M̄w = 181,000. As in the case of linear polyethylene, under optimum drawing conditions the Young's modulus relates only to the draw ratio. Low-temperature moduli as high as 25-27 GPa were recorded, which compare favorably with a previously reported value of 42 GPa for the crystal-lattice modulus. Although the drawing behaviour of the samples studied appeared comparatively insensitive to molecular weight, some of the properties of the draw materials, notably melting point and shrinkage at high temperature, showed a wide range of behavior.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 23 (1985), S. 1085-1085 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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