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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 151 (1972), S. 189-206 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus verdünnter Lösung erhaltene Kristalle von Guttapercha (trans-1.4-Polyisopren) wurden untersucht. Es wurden zwei Arten von Einkristallen beobachtet, die sich im Habitus beträchtlich unterscheiden und die mit Hilfe der Elektronenbeugung den beiden schon lange bekannten Modifikationen zugeordnet werden konnten. Das Verhalten beim Schmelzen und beim Tempern wurde zu den beiden Formen in Beziehung gebracht, und es wurde ein Übergang zwischen ihnen beobachtet bei Temperaturen, bei denen beide Phasen offenbar auch nebeneinander stabil sind. Außerdem wurde die Faltungslänge und ihre Abhängigkeit von den Versuchsbedingungen untersucht.Die Einkristalle wurden dem oxydativen Abbau durch Ozon unterworfen, wobei besonders die Änderungen im IR-Spektrum und in der Molekulargewichtsverteilung interessierten. Wie erwartet, wurden die Doppelbindungen zerstört, jedoch nur bis zu einem gewissen Umsate; ein erheblicher Anteil bleibt auch bei langen Reaktionszeiten erhalten. Der Kettenabbau erfolgt dernrt, daß am Ende der Reaktion eine groß Menge cines trimeren bis tetrameren trans-1.4-Polyisoprens mit Carboxyl- und Carbonyl-Endgruppen vorliegt, das dem weiteren Angriff des Ozons widersteht. Im Gcgcnsatz zu analogen Versuchen mit Polyäthylen wurde keine selektive Spaltung der Bindungen an der Kristalloberfläche (Faltungsstellen) gegenüber dem Kristallinneren beobachtet. Vieles deutet darnuf hin, daß eine gute Zugänglichkeit der Doppelbindungen im Kristallinneren, bei gleichzeitiger Resistenz von Kettenabschnitten „oligomerer Länge“, für Kristalle aus gefalteten Ketten hochgradig ungesättigter Polymerer charakteristisch zu sein scheint.
    Notes: Guttapercha (trans-1.4-polyisoprene) was crystallized from solution and its single crystal habit and chain folding characteristics were examined. The two polymorphic forms, known from previous studies, could now be assigned to two different single crystal habits by means of electron diffraction patterns, and conditions of their formation could be circumscribed. Similarly, the melting and annealing behaviour could be associated with the two forms and a transition between them observed at temperatures where the two phases can still coexist by present evidence. The fold length and its variations were also defined.Single crystals were exposed to the degrading effect of ozone, and changes in IR-spectra and molecular weight distribution were followed. It was observed that, as expected, double bonds were severed; nevertheless a sizeable portion of them remained intact. At the same time the chain was broken down into a sharply defined fragment length which was identified as a trimer or tetramer of trans-1.4-polyisoprene with carboxylic and carbonylic termination. No appreciable selectivity as regards fold traverses analogous to the degradation products in polyethylene was observed. It is pointed out that appreciable accessibility of double bonds within the crystals, coupled with oxidation resistance of small oligomeric lengths, seems to be characteristic of chain folded crystals of unsaturated compounds with possible implications for studies on the crystal structure and on degradation behaviour in general.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 1807-1837 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous studies on selective degradation of polyethylene single crystals with fuming nitric acid have been extended, both by using acid of lower concentration which gave better control over the degradation, and by resorting to ozone as an oxidizing agent which among others enabled the degradation temperature to be conveniently lowered. The molecular weight distribution was followed by gel-permeation chromatography in the course of degradation. Complete consistency between these different methods has been established, modifying some of the previous conclusions reached by this method. The principal feature which emerges is that we have a distribution of fold lengths. The largest straight fold stems can stretch across nearly the entire layer defined by the low-angle x-ray period, while there is a continuous distribution of shorter folds terminating deeper down in the crystals. The limiting depth at which the number of terminating folds becomes negligible can be identified and quantitatively assessed. The method of analysis is described, and individual data are discussed in detail. This picture of a fold surface layer containing essentially adjacently reentrant folds of uneven length agrees with quite recent results on other related chain-folded systems (annealed crystals, short chains, bulk structures) obtained in these laboratories and thus appears to be of general validity. The consequences of the model for our picture on polymer crystals in particular on the nature of the “amorphous” component, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 619-632 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: rubber, reactive, as toughening agent for unsaturated polyester resin ; polyster, unsaturated, IR study with reactive rubber toughening agent in ; morphology of unsaturated polyester toughened with reactive rubber ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A reactive rubber obtained by isocyanation of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene was used as toughening agent for an unsaturated polyester resin. Both the isocyanation and the successive reaction between the modified rubber and the polyester were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Fracture measurements at high and low strain rate were carried out on the cured materials to test their toughness. The failure mechanisms were established by morphological analysis of fractured surfaces, performed by scanning electron microscopy. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 395-408 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epoxy resin ; polycarbonate ; FTIR spectroscopy ; polymer blend ; toughness ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A highly cross-linked thermosetting epoxy resin was modified by a reactive blending process carried out in the presence of bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC). Prior to the curing process the PC component was dissolved at high temperature in the uncured epoxy matrix. FTIR investigation of this reactive mixture demonstrated the occurrence of physical and chemical interactions among the blend components. Isothermal kinetic measurements performed by FTIR spectroscopy showed that the presence of PC does not affect the overall curing mechanism but decreases both the initial reaction rate and the final conversion of reactants. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyoxadiazoles ; IR ; structure ; morphology ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly-ether-aroyl-oxadiazoles (PEODZ) of general formula: are reported.Thermal cyclization of the starting polyhydrazides, infrared, thermal, and structural characterization are discussed as function of the number of methylene spacers in the range 2-12.It is found that the position of melting is strongly dependent upon the number of—CH2—, and that moldable polyoxadiazoles are obtained at × values 〉 7. The spherulitic nature of PEODZ is clearly revealed by thermal-optical microscopy which, together with isothermal crystallizations at the differential scanning calorimeter, gives a close insight into the crystalline organization of such polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 1643-1651 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyoxadiazoles ; structural analysis ; cristallinity behavior ; cyclodehydration reaction ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new series of poly(ether-alkyl)oxadiazoles of general formula: with m = 3, 4, and 5 has been obtained from the corresponding polyhydrazides through thermal cyclization reaction. The polymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle x-ray analysis, and optical microscopy. The polymers were crystalline, with a crystalline texture and structural parameters strongly dependent on the value of m. The Tm's and Tg's value decreased with increasing number of CH2. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 409-419 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epoxy resin ; polycarbonate ; fracture toughness ; mechanical properties ; polymer blend ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The yield and fracture behavior of highly crosslinked epoxy resin modified by a reactive blending process carried out in the presence of bisphenol A polycarbonate has been studied. It was found that the fracture toughness of this blend system increases markedly with increasing PC content in the blend. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces indicated a crack blunting mechanism as the main source of energy dissipation in the various investigated blend compositions. No evidence of phase separation of the minor component during the curing and postcuring steps was observed. The yield data were correlated with the fracture toughness data to evaluate the extent of crack-tip blunting. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 2025-2035 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: high density polyethylene ; hydrogenated oligo (cyclopentadiene) ; miscibility ; blends ; phase structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The article discusses the influence of an oligomeric resin, hydrogenated oligo (cyclopentadiene) (HOCP), on the morphology and properties of its blends with high density polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE/HOCP blends after solidification contain three phases: the crystalline phase of HDPE and two amorphous phases, one rich in amorphous HDPE and the other in HOCP. DSC thermograms and the loss modulus behaviors show that the γ transition is influenced by HOCP molecules and, in addition to the αc transition of HDPE, there is another transition that is attributed to the HOCP-rich phase. The hypothesis of the two amorphous phases is confirmed by the optical microscopy observations performed on isothermally crystallized blend films. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 1723-1730 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: high density polyethylene ; hydrogenated oligo(cyclopentadiene) ; blends ; phase structure ; stress-strain ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of hydrogenated olio(cyclopentadiene) (HOCP) on tensile mechanical properties of its blends with high density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied at 20, 80, and 100°C. The nominal stress-strain curves performed at 20°C indicate an increase of the modulus and a conspicuous decrease of the ultimate properties increasing the HOCP content in the blend. Blends with HOCP content 〉 20%-wt are found to be very fragile at 20°C. These behaviors have been related to the presence of the HOCP-rich phase that has the glass transition at about 55°C. At 20°C the HOCP oligomers act as a hardener for the HDPE. The nominal stress-strain curves performed at 80 and 100°C show a strong decrease of the modulus (compared to the value at 20°C), plastic deformation for all the blends tested, and rupture of HDPE and blend samples at the beginning of the cold-drawing. Moreover, the modulus and the ultimate parameters are found to decrease with the composition. The behaviors at 80 and 100°C have been related to several factors: the higher mobility of HDPE molecules at these temperatures compared to that at 20°C; the HOCP-rich phase that is at temperatures higher than its glass transition, and so it acts as a plasticizer for the HDPE; and the decreases of crystallinity and number of entanglements when the HOCP is added to the HDPE component. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 141 (1971), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Einkristallwachstum und die Kettenfaltung von zwei Polyalkenameren, dem Polydecenameren und dem Polydodecenameren, wurden untersucht. Ungeachtet ihrer makrocyclischen Natur bilden die Moleküle lamellenartige Einkristalle mit gefalteten Ketten. Die Faltungslänge konnte durch die Kristallisationstemperatur und durch Tempern kontinuierlich geändert werden. Bei der Kristallisation hing die Faltungslänge von der Unterkühlung ab, die unter anderem auch durch den Gehalt an cis-Doppelbindungen in erwarteter Weise bedingt ist. Es wird gefolgert, daß die cis-Doppelbindungen in das Kristallgitter eingebaut werden.
    Notes: Single crystal growth and chain folding behaviour of two polyalkenamers (polydecenamer and polydodecenamer) have been examined. They form chain folded lamellar single crystals in spite of the macrocyclic nature of the molecules. The fold length could be varied continuously by the crystallization temperature and by annealing. In the former case the fold length depended on the supercooling which amongst others was also determined by the cis double bond content in an expected manner. Incorporation of cis double bonds within the lattice is inferred.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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