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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Canada ; cancer etiology ; case-control study ; cohort study ; dietary fiber ; vitamin A ; vitamin C ; vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Risk of breast cancer was examined in relation to intake of dietary fiber and vitamins A, C, and E, and food groups which are sources of these dietary constituents, in a cohort of 56,837 women enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Between 1982 and 1987, 519 incident, histologically confirmed cases of breast cancer were identified among women who previously had completed self-administered dietary questionnaires. Their nutrient and food intake was compared with that of 1,182 women who had not developed breast cancer during the follow-up period. Women at the uppermost quintile level of dietary fiber intake had a 30 percent reduction in risk of breast cancer relative to that for women at the lowest quintile level (adjusted odds ratio = 0.68,95 percent confidence interval = 0.46–1.00), and the reduction in risk persisted after adjustment (separately) for total vitamin A, β-carotene, vitamin C, and α-tocopherol. Inverse associations of similar magnitude were observed in association with consumption of pasta, cereals (the trend for which was statistically significant), and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C. Smaller, statistically nonsignificant reductions in risk were observed with increasing intake of dietary retinol, β-carotene, and vitamin C, but the magnitude of these associations was reduced after adjustment for other dietary factors. Vitamin E intake was not associated with altered risk of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051711
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-dietary factors as risk factors for breast cancer, and as effect modifiers of the association of fat intake and risk of breast cancer (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; diet ; reproductive factors ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess more precisely the relative risks associated with established risk factors for breast cancer, and whether the association between dietary fat and breast cancer risk varies according to levels of these risk factors, we pooled primary data from six prospective studies in North America and Western Europe in which individual estimates of dietary fat intake had been obtained by validated food-frequency questionnaires. Based on information from 322,647 women among whom 4,827 cases occurred during follow-up: the multivariate-adjusted risk of late menarche (age15 years or more compared with under 12) was 0.72 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.62-0.82); of being postmenopausal was 0.82 (CI=0.69-0.97); of high parity (three or more births compared with none) was 0.72 (CI=0.61-0.86); of late age at first birth (over 30 years of age compared with 20 or under) was 1.46 (CI=1.22-1.75); of benign breast disease was 1.53 (CI=1.41-1.65); of maternal history of breast cancer was 1.38 (CI=1.14-1.67); and history of a sister with breast cancer was 1.47 (CI=1.27-1.70). Greater duration of schooling (more than high-school graduation compared with less than high-school graduation) was associated significantly with higher risk in age-adjusted analyses, but was attenuated after controlling for other risk factors. Total fat intake (adjusted for energy consumption) was not associated significantly with breast cancer risk in any strata of these non-dietary risk factors. We observed a marginally significant interaction between total fat intake and risk of breast cancer according to history of benign breast disease, with fat intake being associated nonsignificantly positively with risk among women with a previous history of benign breast disease; no other significant interactions were observed. Risks for reproductive factors were similar to those observed in case-control studies; relative risks for family history of breast cancer were lower. We found no clear evidence in any subgroups of a major relation between total energy-adjusted fat intake and breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018431104786
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childhood leukemia and personal monitoring of residential exposures to electric and magnetic fields in Ontario, Canada (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 233-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: case-control study ; childhood leukemia ; electric and magnetic fields (EMF) ; personal monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the risk of childhood leukemia in relation to residential electric and magnetic field (EMF) exposures. Methods: A case control study based on 88 cases and 133 controls used different assessment methods to determine EMF exposure in the child's current residence. Cases comprised incident leukemias diagnosed at 0–14 years of age between 1985–1993 from a larger study in southern Ontario; population controls were individually matched to the cases by age and sex. Exposure was measured by a personal monitoring device worn by the child during usual activities at home, by point-in-time measurements in three rooms and according to wire code assigned to the child's residence. Results: An association between magnetic field exposures as measured with the personal monitor and increased risk of leukemia was observed. The risk was more pronounced for those children diagnosed at less than 6 years of age and those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Risk estimates associated with magnetic fields tended to increase after adjusting for power consumption and potential confounders with significant odds ratios (OR) (OR: 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3–15.9) observed for exposures 0.14 microTesla (μT). For the most part point-in-time measurements of magnetic fields were associated with non-significant elevations in risk which were generally compatible with previous research. Residential proximity to power lines having a high current configuration was not associated with increased risk of leukemia. Exposures to electric fields as measured by personal monitoring were associated with a decreased leukemia risk. Conclusions: The findings relating to magnetic field exposures directly measured by personal monitoring support an association with the risk of childhood leukemia. As exposure assessment is refined, the possible role of magnetic fields in the etiology of childhood leukemia becomes more evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008919408855
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case-cohort study of diet and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the breast (Canada) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Canada ; diet ; benign breast disease ; breast cancer ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case-cohort analysis of the association between diet and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast was undertaken within a cohort of 56,537 women who were enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) and who completed a self-administered dietary questionnaire. (The NBSS is a randomized controlled trial of screening for breast cancer in women aged 40 to 59 years.) BPED are thought to have premalignant potential. Specific hypotheses were that risk of BPED would increase with increasing energy-adjusted fat intake and decrease with increasing energy-adjusted vitamin A and fiber intake. Additionally, we explored the association between calcium intake and risk of BPED. During the active follow-up phase of the NBSS, 657 women in the dietary cohort were diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed incident BPED. For comparative purposes, a subcohort consisting of a random sample of 5,581 women was selected from the full dietary cohort. After exclusions for various reasons, the analyses were based on 545 cases and 4,921 non-cases. Overall, the results were almost uniformly null, and provided little support for the study hypotheses. Rate ratios (95 percent confidence intervals [CI]) for the highest cf the lowest quintile levels for total fat, retinol, β-carotene, fiber, and calcium were 0.88 (CI = 0.65-1.20), 0.97 (CI = 0.71-1.31), 0.94 (CI = 0.70-1.27), 1.11 (CI = 0.82-1.50), and 0.81 (CI = 0.60-1.07), respectively. There were too few cases of atypical BPED for meaningful analysis, but results for those whose BPED showed no atypia were similar to the overall results. Further analyses conducted separately in the screened and control arms of the NBSS also failed to provide strong support for dietary associations, as did those conducted separately for screen-detected and interval-detected BPED.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008841118358
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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