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  • hormone replacement therapy  (2)
  • cigarette smoking  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history, and colon cancer: a multicenter, case-control study in the United States (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 146-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Colon cancer ; hormone replacement therapy ; reproductive history ; risk factors ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hormonal factors have been inconsistently associated with coloncancer risk in women. The associations between reproductive events, menstrualfactors, exogenous hormones, and colon cancer were evaluated in a largecase-control study (894 female cases and 1,120 female age-matchedpopulation-based controls) in the United States, stratifying by age atdiagnosis, tumor site, family history and other potential risk factors.Overall, higher parity was associated with a marginally decreased risk ofcolon cancer (five or more births compared with nulliparous: odds ratio [OR]= 0.75, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.53-1.06) after adjusting forage at diagnosis, family history of colorectal cancer, vigorous lifetimephysical activity, body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht 1.5 ), total energy intake,and aspirin use. No important associations were observed for otherreproductive or menstrual events. An inverse association between recent useof hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and colon cancer was observed (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.56-0.89). Although interaction termswere not significant, this inverse association appeared to be more pronouncedfor those with an older age at diagnosis; for those without a first-degreerelative with colorectal cancer; and for those with a relatively low BMI. Thereduced risk associated with HRT use did not appear to be explained by otherbehaviors related to HRT use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018459911147
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hormone replacement therapy and improved survival among postmenopausal women diagnosed with colon cancer (USA) (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: colon cancer ; disease stage ; hormone replacement therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been inversely associated with colon cancer incidence in several epidemiologic studies. In this study we used data from a population-based incident case–control study of colon cancer to evaluate the role of HRT use in survival after diagnosis with colon cancer. Methods: Data from 815 postmenopausal women living in Utah, California, and Minnesota diagnosed between 1 September 1991 and 30 September 1994 were used to examine associations between HRT and survival. Results: After adjusting for age at time of diagnosis, stage of disease at time of diagnosis, study center, and body mass index (BMI), we observed that women who had ever used HRT had a 30% lesser probability of dying of any cause and a 40% lower probability of dying from colon cancer specifically during the follow-up period. Further evaluation by years of HRT use showed that those who had used HRT for 4 or more years had the lowest risk of dying of colon cancer (hazard rate ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3–0.9). Evaluation of other lifestyle variables with HRT use did not show significant confounding or effect modification. Conclusions: These findings suggest that HRT use may improve short-term survival after diagnosis with colon cancer; there is no suggestion that HRT use is detrimental to survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008974215622
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Associations between family history of cancer and genes coding for metabolizing enzymes (United States) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 799-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: cancer ; cigarette smoking ; family history ; genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective:Family history of cancer has been a useful tool to identify highly penetrant genes. However, the association between family history and low-penetrance genes that are prevalent in the population is less well understood. While epidemiologists have studied low-penetrance genes in association studies at the population level, geneticists have often favored family studies to identify low-penetrance genes in the same manner that these families have been used to identify high-penetrance genes. In this study, we evaluated the association between family history of cancer and molecular variants of three genes: N-acetyltransferases (NAT2), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTM-1), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). These genes were examined because of their plausible functional significance and their association with cancer risk in some studies. Methods:In a large multi-centered study of colon cancer, reported family history of cancer in first-degree relatives was used to classify cases and controls separately as having a family history of colorectal cancer, hormone-related cancers, smoking-related cancers, prostate cancer, and any cancer. Results:With three weak exceptions, we did not observe significant associations between any of these genes and family history of cancer. The ability of family history to positively predict the presence of variants of low-penetrance genes that may carry an elevated risk ranged from 41% to 60%; low-penetrance variants accurately predicted a family history of cancer 9 to 17% of the time. Assessment of the likelihood of having a family history of cancer given the combination of genetic and environmental factors, showed that those who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day were more likely to have a family history of a smoking-related cancer irrespective of genotype. Conclusions:People with a family history of cancer are not more likely to have a variant of low-penetrance genes than those without a family history of cancer. Family studies may not be efficient methods to study low-penetrance genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008912317909
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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