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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization to Xq27 of a susceptibility gene for testicular germ-cell tumours (2000)
    [s.l.] : Nature America Inc.
    Nature genetics 24 (2000), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Testicular germ-cell tumours (TGCT) affect 1 in 500 men and are the most common cancer in males aged 15–40 in Western European populations. The incidence of TGCT has risen dramatically over the last century. Known risk factors for TGCT include a history of undescended testis (UDT), testicular ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/72877
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence of virtual or network organizations: fad or feature (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of organizational change management 13 (2000), S. 567-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0953-4814
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The information age has highlighted the complex nature of our organizing systems. Complex systems move between ordered and disordered states. Ordered states condense near attractor points which include bifurcation points where order is redefined for the system. Such points have occurred repeatedly in our economy over the past decade, causing an unpredictable environment. As our economy moves from a stable state, a different set of organizing rules is needed. When this new set of organizing rules are overlaid with the conditions and processes facilitated by the use of advanced communication and computing technology, we find that virtual or network organizations are an emerging logical form for organizing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810010378588
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colon cancer screening, lifestyle, and risk of colon cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 555-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: colon cancer ; colonoscopy ; diet ; FOB test ; family history of cancer ; sigmoidoscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Sigmoidoscopy screening and fecal occult blood (FOB) tests have been demonstrated as effective ways to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer. However, most studies of colorectal cancer screening and cancer mortality have not taken into consideration lifestyle factors that could account for the observed associations. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between screening and incidence of colon cancer, taking into consideration important lifestyle factors. Methods: We estimated the association between screening and colon cancer after taking into consideration health and lifestyle factors using data obtained as part of population-based case–control study of incident colon cancers. Results: Sigmoidoscopy screening, especially as part of a checkup, was protective against incident colon cancer in both men (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44–0.77) and women (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33–0.77) after adjusting for other risk factors for colon cancer. For men, associations were stronger for distal tumors (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31–0.71) than for proximal tumors (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45–1.11). We did not observe significant associations between FOB test and colon cancer. Differences in characteristics between those who were screened and not screened were also observed. Men were more likely to report having a sigmoidoscopy as part of a checkup than were women, as were people with higher levels of education. People who reported having a sigmoidoscopy as part of a checkup also reported eating diets lower in fat and higher in fiber, folate, and vegetables. Men were more likely to report higher levels of physical activity, and women were more likely to report taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) if they also reported a sigmoidoscopy. Both men and women who reported a sigmoidoscopy for screening purposes were more likely to have a family history of colorectal cancer. Conclusions: These data provide additional support for the benefits of having a screening sigmoidoscopy. The associations between screening sigmoidoscopy and colon cancer do not appear to be the result of lifestyle factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008924115604
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Associations between family history of cancer and genes coding for metabolizing enzymes (United States) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 799-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: cancer ; cigarette smoking ; family history ; genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective:Family history of cancer has been a useful tool to identify highly penetrant genes. However, the association between family history and low-penetrance genes that are prevalent in the population is less well understood. While epidemiologists have studied low-penetrance genes in association studies at the population level, geneticists have often favored family studies to identify low-penetrance genes in the same manner that these families have been used to identify high-penetrance genes. In this study, we evaluated the association between family history of cancer and molecular variants of three genes: N-acetyltransferases (NAT2), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTM-1), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). These genes were examined because of their plausible functional significance and their association with cancer risk in some studies. Methods:In a large multi-centered study of colon cancer, reported family history of cancer in first-degree relatives was used to classify cases and controls separately as having a family history of colorectal cancer, hormone-related cancers, smoking-related cancers, prostate cancer, and any cancer. Results:With three weak exceptions, we did not observe significant associations between any of these genes and family history of cancer. The ability of family history to positively predict the presence of variants of low-penetrance genes that may carry an elevated risk ranged from 41% to 60%; low-penetrance variants accurately predicted a family history of cancer 9 to 17% of the time. Assessment of the likelihood of having a family history of cancer given the combination of genetic and environmental factors, showed that those who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day were more likely to have a family history of a smoking-related cancer irrespective of genotype. Conclusions:People with a family history of cancer are not more likely to have a variant of low-penetrance genes than those without a family history of cancer. Family studies may not be efficient methods to study low-penetrance genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008912317909
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history, and colon cancer: a multicenter, case-control study in the United States (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 146-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Colon cancer ; hormone replacement therapy ; reproductive history ; risk factors ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hormonal factors have been inconsistently associated with coloncancer risk in women. The associations between reproductive events, menstrualfactors, exogenous hormones, and colon cancer were evaluated in a largecase-control study (894 female cases and 1,120 female age-matchedpopulation-based controls) in the United States, stratifying by age atdiagnosis, tumor site, family history and other potential risk factors.Overall, higher parity was associated with a marginally decreased risk ofcolon cancer (five or more births compared with nulliparous: odds ratio [OR]= 0.75, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.53-1.06) after adjusting forage at diagnosis, family history of colorectal cancer, vigorous lifetimephysical activity, body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht 1.5 ), total energy intake,and aspirin use. No important associations were observed for otherreproductive or menstrual events. An inverse association between recent useof hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and colon cancer was observed (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.56-0.89). Although interaction termswere not significant, this inverse association appeared to be more pronouncedfor those with an older age at diagnosis; for those without a first-degreerelative with colorectal cancer; and for those with a relatively low BMI. Thereduced risk associated with HRT use did not appear to be explained by otherbehaviors related to HRT use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018459911147
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hormone replacement therapy and improved survival among postmenopausal women diagnosed with colon cancer (USA) (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: colon cancer ; disease stage ; hormone replacement therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been inversely associated with colon cancer incidence in several epidemiologic studies. In this study we used data from a population-based incident case–control study of colon cancer to evaluate the role of HRT use in survival after diagnosis with colon cancer. Methods: Data from 815 postmenopausal women living in Utah, California, and Minnesota diagnosed between 1 September 1991 and 30 September 1994 were used to examine associations between HRT and survival. Results: After adjusting for age at time of diagnosis, stage of disease at time of diagnosis, study center, and body mass index (BMI), we observed that women who had ever used HRT had a 30% lesser probability of dying of any cause and a 40% lower probability of dying from colon cancer specifically during the follow-up period. Further evaluation by years of HRT use showed that those who had used HRT for 4 or more years had the lowest risk of dying of colon cancer (hazard rate ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3–0.9). Evaluation of other lifestyle variables with HRT use did not show significant confounding or effect modification. Conclusions: These findings suggest that HRT use may improve short-term survival after diagnosis with colon cancer; there is no suggestion that HRT use is detrimental to survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008974215622
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