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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 1191-1198 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bond cleavage ; C—C kinetics of ; Radicals, stability of ; Geminal substituents, energetic interaction of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Effects of Substituents on the Strength of C-C Bonds, 10. - Resonance Stabilization of Alkyl Radicals by Two Geminal Cyano GroupsThe activation parameters of the homolytic cleavage of the Cq - Cq bonds of several dialkylated malonodinitriles (2-5) and of 1,1,2,2-tetracyanoethane (7) and the heat of dissociation of 6 in solution have been determined. Together with the ground state strain of the radical precursors (obtained from the heats of combustion or EFF calculations) the steric influence on the dissociation process has been determined. The resonance stabilization energy of α,α'-dicyanoalkyl radicals then calculated was (12.4 ± 0.9) kcal/mol. This result is discussed within the concept of capto-dative stabilization. The destabilizing interaction of two geminal cyano groups is apparently the same in the ground state of 2 - 7 and the radicals generated from them.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: C—C Bond cleavage, kinetics of ; Heats of formation ; Radicals, stability of ; Capto-dative effect ; Geminal substituents, energetic interaction of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substituent Effects on the Strength of C—C Bonds, 14[1].  -  Kinetic and Thermodynamic Stability of 2,3-Bis(dialkylamino)-1,4-diketones  -  Energy of Stabilization of α-Dialkylamino α-Carbonylalkyl Radicals with Capto-dative SubstituentsProf. Dr. H.-G. Viehe zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.The equilibrium constants and rate constants for the dissociation of the 2,3-bis(dialkylamino)-1,4-diketone diastereomers meso- and DL-7a and 7b were measured over a temperature range of 40°C. From the enthalpies of dissociation ΔHDiss and enthalpies of activation ΔH≠ and the strain enthalpies of 7 the bond dissociation enthalpies BDE(C—C) of 7 were determined. By comparison with the dissociation enthalpies of Ct-Ct alkanes[21] the change of these BDEs(C—C) by the cap-to-dative substitution was determined to be 85.4 kJ mol-1 (20.4 kcal mol-1). The heats of formation ΔHof (g) of a series of amino ketones 8 were determined from their heats of combustion and their heats of evaporation. From the ΔHof(g) values in combination with MM2 calculations of their strain enthalpies strain-free increments CHn[N, CO, C2 - n] with n With n = 0, 1, 2 were derived and geminal interaction enthalpies in the ground states were obtained thereof. The radical stabilization enthalpy RSE of 6 was deduced from the ΔBDE(C—C) values and the ground state effect to be 73.6 kJ mol-1 (17.6 kcal mol-1). From these data and the radical stabilization enthalpies RSE of α-aminoalkyl radicals (4.2 kJ mol-1) and α-carbonyl radicals (28.9 kJ mol-1) a synergetic radical stabilization enthalpy of 40.5 kJ mol-1 (9.7 kcal mol-1) is deduced. This number combines “extra” resonance stabilization and general inductive or anomeric geminal substituent interaction in the radicals. The crystal structure of meso-7a has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3364-3383 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, XVI. Thermal Stability, Strain Enthalpy, and Structure of Sym. Tetrasubstituted EthanesActivation parameters were determined for the thermolysis reaction of 12 sym. tetrasubstituted ethanes (Ct—Ct series). From product analyses it was concluded that the central Ct—Ct bond is cleaved in the rate determining step by homolysis. The correlation between ΔH≠ and the change in strain enthalpy during the activation process (MM2 calculations) points to nearly 20% residual strain at transition state. From a comparison of the thermolysis data for Ct—Ct and Cq—Cq ethanes a 2.3 kcal · mol-1 difference in stabilization energy for sek. and tert. alkyl radicals is derived as an upper limiting value. The influence of strain on bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles is compared for Ct—Ct and Cq—Cq ethanes.
    Notes: Die Aktivierungsparameter der Thermolyse von 12 symmetrisch tetrasubstituierten Ethanen (Ct—Ct-Reihe) wurden bestimmt. Produktanalysen belegen, daß im Primärschritt der Thermolyse die zentrale Ct—Ct-Bindung homolytisch gespalten wird. Aus der Korrelation zwischen ΔH≠ und der Abnahme der Spannungsenthalpie im Zuge der Bindungsdissoziation (Kraftfeldrechnungen) folgt, daß im Übergangszustand der Thermolyse noch ungefähr 20% Restspannung verbleiben. Aus dem Vergleich der Thermolyse von Ct—Ct- und Cq—Cq-Ethanen läßt sich 2.3 kcal ·mol-1 als oberer, vermutlich zu hoher Grenzwert für den Unterschied der Stabilisierungsenergie sek. und tert. Alkylradikale angeben. Der Einfluß der Spannung auf Bindungslängen, Bindungs- und Torsionswinkel wird mit den Verhältnissen in der Cq—Cq-Ethanreihe verglichen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1042-1057 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Substituent Effects on the C—C-Bond Strength, 2. The Thermal Stability of Tetrasubstituted SuccinonitrilesRate constants and activation parameters for the thermolysis reaction of ten, partly cyclic tetraal-kylsuccinonitriles and of meso-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenylsuccinonitrile were determined. Relationships between ΔG≠ (300°C), ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ of the thermolysis reaction on the one hand and the change in strain enthalpy during bond dissociation on the other are pointed out. A force field procedure for the estimation of the strain in α-cyanoalkyl radicals is presented. A quantitative separation of the steric and resonance effects responsible for the thermal dissociation process was achieved successfully. A resonance energy of 5.3 kcal · mol-1 was deduced for tertiary α-cyanoalkyl radicals in agreement with the most recent literature data.
    Notes: Die Zerfallskonstanten und Aktivierungsparameter der Thermolyse von zehn, teilweise cyclischen Tetraalkylbernsteinsäuredinitrilen und von meso-2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbernsteinsäuredinitril wurden bestimmt. Die Beziehungen zwischen ΔG≠ (300°C), ΔH≠ und ΔS≠ der Thermolyse einerseits und der Änderung der Spannungsenthalpie im Dissoziationsprozeß andererseits werden aufgezeigt. Ein Kraftfeldverfahren zur Abschätzung der Spannungsenthalpie von α-Cyanalkylradikalen wird beschrieben. Es ist gelungen, die für die Triebkraft der Dissoziation der Bernsteinsäuredinitrile verantwortlichen sterischen Effekte von den Resonanzeffekten der Radikale quantitativ zu separieren. Für die Resonanzenergie tert. α-Cyanalkylradikale ergibt sich der Wert 5.3 kcal · mol-1 in Übereinstimmung mit den neuesten Lit.-Daten.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Kohlenwasserstoffe, XXVIII. Trennung, Strukturanalyse und Thermolyse eines stabilen Rotamerenpaares; P-(R*,R*)- und M-(R*,R*)-D,L-3,4-Di-1-adamantyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexanAus 1-Adamantyl-1,1-dibrom-2,2-dimethylpropan erhielt man bei der Umsetzung mit Magnesium drei diastereomere Kohlenwasserstoffe 7, die durch fraktionierte Kristallisation getrennt werden konnten. Sie wurden durch NMR-Spektroskopie und Kristallstrukturanalyse als meso-7 und die rotameren Titelverbindungen 7 erkannt. Es handelt sich um das erste Beispiel bei Raumtemperatur und darüber nicht interkonvertierender, einfacher aliphatischer Kohlenwasserstoff-Rotamere. Die analog hergestellten 1-Norbornylderivate konnten nicht getrennt werden. Die Thermolyse der Verbindungen wurde kinetisch und präparativ studiert.
    Notes: Three diastereomeric hydrocarbons 7 were formed on reaction of 1-adamantyl-1,1-dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane with magnesium. They were separated by fractional crystallization and identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography as meso-7 and the two rotamers of D,L-7 mentioned in the title. They are the first examples of simple aliphatic hydrocarbon rotamers, which do not interconvert at room temperature and above. Analogous 1-norbornyl derivatives were also obtained but could not be separated. The kinetics and the products of thermolysis of these hydrocarbons were investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A number of secondary azoalkanes 1, R1R2CH-N=N-CHR1R2, R1=t-C4H9, R2=aryl (meso- and D,L-1a-i) and R2=cyclo-C6H11 (D,L-1k), have been synthesized by partial catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding ketazines. The configuration of 1 was elucidated by photolysis of crystalline samples of 1, which yielded the dimers 6 with retention of configuration. The kinetics of thermal fragmentation of 1a-k and of 1n (R1=CH3, R2=C6H5) into the radicals 7 was followed by DSC. The activation parameters were determined by fitting theoretical curves to the experimental data with the help of a computer program. - The rate of decomposition of 1 with R1, R2=alkyl is sterically accelerated by increasing size of the substituents (back strain), but the fragmentation of 1a-i(R2=aryl) is sterically inhibited, e.g. k [1a(R2=C6H5, R1=t-C4H9)]/k[1n (R2=C6H5, R1=CH3)]=10-2. The strain enthalpies Hs of 1 and 7 were calculated by the force field method. The results show that both steric effects are a result of the change in strain during the reaction [Ds=2 Hs(7) - Hs(1)]. A fraction of 0.5-0.6 of Ds contributes to ΔG≢ (150°C), thus effecting the rate of the reaction. The large positiv value of Ds for R2=aryl e.g. Ds (1a)=7.8 kcal/mol, results from a strong repulsion between R1 and R2 in 7 due to the coplanar arrangement of the aryl ring with the radical center. - The resonance effect on the rate of thermolysis has a similar magnitude for R2=phenyl, p-X-C6(X=Cl, OCH3, t-C4H9, C6H5) and 2-naphthyl, but is considerable stronger for R2=1-naphthyl. The measured effect corresponds to a resonance stabilisation of 1-naphthylmethyl radicals by additional 4.5 kcal/mol, compared to benzyl radicals.
    Notes: Eine Reihe sekundärer Azoalkane 1, R1R2CH-N=N-CHR1R2, R1=t-C4H9, R2=Aryl (meso- und D,L-1a-i) und R2=cyclo-C6H11 (D,L-1k), wurde synthetisiert, vorzugsweise durch partielle katalytische Hydrierung von Ketazinen. Die Konfiguration von 1 wurde ermittelt durch photochemische Umwandlung kristalliner Proben von 1 in 6, die bevorzugt unter Retention verlief. Die Kinetik der thermischen Fragmentierung von 1a-k und 1n (R1=CH3, R2=C6H5) in Radikale 7 wurde mit DSC verfolgt. Die Aktivierungsdaten wurden durch rechnerische Anpassung theoretischer Kurven an die Meßdaten ermittelt. - Der Zerfall von 1 mit R1, R2=Alkyl wird mit zunehmender Größe der Substituenten schneller (“back strain”); die Fragmentierung von 1a-i mit R2=Aryl wird dagegen sterisch behindert, z. B. k[1a(R2=C6H5, R1=t-C4H9)]/k[1n (R2=C6H5, R1=CH3)]=10-2. Kraftfeldrechnungen erklären beide Effekte mit der änderung der Spannungsenthalpie Hs im Reaktionsverlauf [Ds=2Hs (7) - Hs (1)]. Ein Anteil von 0.5-0.6 von Ds wird kinetisch wirksam als Beitrag zu ΔG≢ (150°C). Die Ursache der sterischen Behinderung [z. B. Ds (1a)=7.8 kcal/mol], die Spannung in den 1-Arylneopentyl-Radikalen, folgt aus der koplanaren Anordnung von Arylring und Radikalzentrum in 7, in der optimale Spindelokalisation mit einer starken Repulsion zwischen R1 und R2 erkauft wird. - Die Beschleunigung der Thermolyse infolge der Resonanzstabilisierung erwies sich als ähnlich bei 1 mit R2=Phenyl, p-X-C6H4(X=Cl, OCH3, t-C4H9, C6H5) und 2-Naphthyl und stärker bei 1 mit R2=1-Naphthyl. 1-Naphthylmethyl-Radikale erfahren danach eine um 4.5 kcal/mol größere Resonanzstabilisierung als Benzyl.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: C—C Bond cleavage, kinetics of ; Heat of formation ; Radicals, stability of ; Capto-dative effect ; Geminal substituents, energetic interaction of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substituent Effects on the Strength of C—C Bonds, 13[1]. - Kinetic and Thermodynamic Stability of α1-alkylated α1-Amino Acid Esters - Energy of Stabilization of α1-Amino-α1-(ethoxycarbonyl)alkyl RadicalsThermolytic cleavage of 1a-c and 2a-c into radicals in solution are clean first-order processes. The activation parameters for C—C bond homolysis were determined. Compared with the corresponding data for hydrocarbons of equal strain a decrease of bond strength of 14.4 kcal/mol results by the combined interaction of the amino and the ethoxycarbonyl substituents. The heat of formation of 5 was determined by combustion calorimetry [δHco (1)=- 1207.75 ± 0.20 kcal/mol] combined with the heat of vaporization (δHvo=13.31 ± 0.10 kcal/mol). Compared with the additive behaviour of group increments the resulting heat of formation (δHfo (g)=- 112.02 ± 0.24 kcal/mol] suggests a synergetic, geminal destabilization of Hsyn=1.9 ± 1.4 kcal/mol. Combination of the kinetic data of bond homolysis of 1a-c and 2a-c with the synergetic ground-state destabilization leads to a synergetic, capto-dative radical stabilization of Hsyn (rad)=6.7 kcal/mol.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: C-C Bond cleavage, energetics and kinetics of ; Radicals, stability of ; ESR ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal cleavage of the central CC bonds in the title compounds was investigated. The activation parameters were obtained from kinetics and the equilibrium enthalpies and entropies from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium radical concentrations, determined by quantitative ESR. ΔH≠ and ΔHDiss are nearly identical but not ΔS≠ and ΔSDiss, as expected. The radical stabilisation enthalpies RSE obtained from these data (RSE: 7a = 17.9 ± 1.3; 7b = 15.6 ± 1.4 kcal/mol) correspond closely to twice the RSE of α-phenylethyl radicals (8.0 ± 1.5 kcal/mol) determined previously. The smaller RSE of the benzhydryl radical (12.9 ± 0.9 kcal/ mol), therefore, must be due to its nonplanarity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 86-96 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of Force Field Calculations, IV. A Force Field for the Calculation of the Structures and Heats of Formation of Alkylbenzenes and its Test of Reliability on Highly Strained DiphenylethanesAllinger's force field MM26) was expanded to the calculation of the molecular structures and heats of formation of alkylated benzenes by additional parameters. Calculations on highly congested diphenylethanes were performed. These compounds are distinguished by long C—C-bonds, by large bond angle deformations and by high strain enthalpies (up to 45 kcal · mol-1). The excellent agreement between calculational results and experimentally determined data proves high reliability of the extended force field. - Furthermore strain-free increments for phenyl groups are given to put the strain enthalpies of phenyl and alkyl groups on the same scale.
    Notes: Zur Berechnung von Struktur und Bildungsenthalpie von Alkylbenzolen wurde das Kraftfeld MM2 von Allinger6) mit Parametern ergänzt. Testrechnungen wurden durchgeführt an hochverzweigten Diphenylethanen, die sich auszeichnen durch stark gedehnte C—C-Bindungen, aufgeweitete Bindungswinkel und hohe Spannungsenthalpien (bis zu 45 kcal · mol-1). Die ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung der Rechenergebnisse mit experimentellen Daten belegt die hohe Verläßlichkeit des erweiterten Kraftfeldes. - Außerdem wurden spannungsfreie Inkremente für Phenylgruppen angegeben, um die Spannungsenthalpie einheitlich für Alkyl- und Phenylgruppen angeben zu können.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, XXV1). Relationships between Thermal Stability, Strain, and Structure of 1,1′-Diphenyl-1,1′-bicycloalkylsThe products and activation parameters of the thermolysis reaction of the title hydrocarbons 1a (n = 4-8) and 1b (n = 12) were determined. Strain enthalpies and structural data of the compounds 1a and of the radicals 2a, which are generated on thermolysis, were obtained from force field calculations. For 1a (n = 8) a crystal structure analysis was carried out.  -  The importance of i-strain action is estimated from the relationship between ΔG≠ of the thermolysis reaction and the strain enthalpy of 1 from which the ring strain of the corresponding cycloalkane was substracted as a correction factor. In addition, a linear correlation between ΔG≠ and the change in strain enthalpy (MM2 results) in the course of the dissociation process was found. The large variation in ΔS≠ can be rationalized by consideration of the change in internal mobility (MM2 results) during the dissociation process.
    Notes: Die Produkte und Aktivierungsparameter der Thermolyse der Kohlenwasserstoffe 1a (n = 4-8) und 1b (n = 12) wurden bestimmt. Die Spannungsenthalpien und Strukturdaten der Verbindungen 1a und der beim thermischen Zerfall entstehenden Radikale 2a wurden durch Kraftfeldberechnungen ermittelt. Für 1a (n = 8) wurde eine Kristallstrukturanalyse durchgeführt.  -  Die Beziehungen zwischen ΔG≠ der Thermolyse und den um die Ringspannung korrigierten Spannungsenthalpien gestatten eine quantitative Analyse der i-strain-Wirkung. Außerdem wird eine lineare Korrelation zwischen ΔG≠ und der Änderung an Spannungsenthalpie im Dissoziationsprozess nach Kraftfeldrechnungen aufgezeigt. Stark unterschiedliche Aktivierungsentropien werden durch die Änderung der inneren Beweglichkeit im Zuge des Dissoziationsprozesses, die aus Kraftfeldrechnungen abschätzbar ist, verständlich.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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