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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 101 (1979), S. 4493-4497 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 245 (1997), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In den letzten zehn Jahren wurde, als Alternative zur Faserverstärkung von Thermoplasten, das Konzept der “molekularen Faserverstärkung” vorgeschlagen: Die starren Ketten von Hauptketten-LC-Polymeren (PLC) können in Blends mit normalen Thermoplasten (d.h. mit beweglichen Ketten) als Fasern molekularer Größe fungieren. Steifkettige und normale Thermoplaste sind aber in der Regel zu unverträglich, um die für diesen Mechanismus notwendige molekulare Verteilung der starren Ketten zu erlauben. In diesem Bericht wird als verwandtes Konzept die “mizellare Faserverstärkung” diskutiert: Pfropfcopolymere aus einem starren PLC-Rückgrat und flexiblen Pfropfästen können Mikrophasenmorphologien mit zylindrischen Mizellen aufbauen, in denen die PLC-Ketten als verstärkende Fasern mit mizellaren Dimensionen fungieren. Starr-bewegliche Pfropfcopolymere dieser Art wurden aus einem Polyester mit Terephthaloyl-, Dihexoxyterephthaloyl- und Phenylhydrochinoneinheiten sowie aus Polystyrol hergestellt. Die Polyesterketten wurden mit Spezialcomonomeren mit einer Doppelbindung modifiziert, auf die im Zuge einer radi-kalischen Copolymerisation Polystyroläste gepfropft wurden. Hohe Pfropfgrade führten zu Produkten mit der erwünschten Morphologie von zylindrischen Mizzellen.
    Notes: The concept of “molecular reinforcement” has been advanced, in the last decade, as an alternative to conventional fibre reinforcement of thermoplastics: In blends with normal (flexible-chain) thermoplastics, rigid chains of main-chain LC polymers (PLC) can act as strengthening fibres on the molecular scale. However, the rigid PLC chains must be well dispersed which is improbable since PLC and normal polymers are usually incompatible. A related concept is “micellar reinforcement”: Graft copolymers made of a rigid-chain PLC backbone and flexible-chain grafts can form a microphase morphology of cylinderic micelles where the PLC chains act as reinforcing fibres on a micellar scale. Such rigid-flexible graft copolymers are discussed in this study. They were pepared from a polyester of terephthaloyl, dihexoxyterephthaloyl and phenylhydroquinone moieties with special comonomer units carrying a double bond onto which styrene was grafted via radical copolymerisation. Grafting occurred with high efficiency, leading to products with the desired morphology of cyclindric micelles.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 72-83 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, IV: Tetra-tert-butylethaneDue to steric acceleration of bond homolysis tetra-tert-butylethane (3,4-di-tert-butyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane, 1) decomposes at 141°C with t1/2 = 1 h (ΔH≠ = 36.4 ± 0.5 kcal/mol; ΔS≠ = 11.8 ± 1.2 e.u.) into di-tert-butylmethyl radicals. Accordingly 1 is the most thermolabile alkane hydrocarbon known at present. From the kinetics and from thermochemical data as well as from molecular force field calculations a strain energy of ca. 63 kcal/mol is estimated. In agreement with the NMR spectra(3) the force field calculations result in a gauche conformation as structure of minimal energy for 1. Accordingly the central C—C-bond is elongated to ca. 1.60 Å, the bond CtCtH is compressed to ca. 97° and the torsional angle HCtCtH is ca. 101°.
    Notes: Infolge sterischer Beschleunigung zerfällt Tetra-tert-butylethan (3,4-Di-tert-butyl-2,2,5,5-tetra-methylhexan, 1) schon bei 141°C homolytisch mit t1/2 = 1 h(ΔH≠ =36.4 ± 0.5 kcal/mol; ΔS≠ = 11.8 ± 1.2 cal/mol·grad) in Di-tert-butylmethyl-Radikale. 1 ist der thermolabilste zur Zeit bekannte Alkankohlenwasserstoff. Die Spannungsenergie für 1 wurde aus kinetischen und thermochemischen Daten sowie Kraftfeldberechnungen zu ca. 63 kcal/mol abgeleitet. Die Kraftfeldberechnungen ergeben in Übereinstimmung mit NMR-Spektren(3) gauche-Konformation für 1 als Energieminimum. Die Bindungslänge der zentralen C—C-Bindung errechnet sich zu ca. 1.60Å, der Bindungswinkel CtCtH zu ca. 97° und der Torsionswinkel HCtCtH zu 101°.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1808-1834 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, VIII. Thermolyses of 1,2-Dialkyl,2-diphenylethanesA series of 1,2-dialkyl-1,2-diphenylethanes 3 was prepared by dimerisation procedures. In several cases pure diastereomers were isolated and their configuration was determined. The analyses of the thermolysis products show that bond cleavage occurs primarily at the central C—C-bond. The rates of thermolysis increase parallel with the steric substituent constants ESC and Sf of the halves of the molecules. An even better correlation is observed between rates and strain enthalpies of 3 as obtained from combustion experiments or force field calculations. A comparison of this correlation with a similar one of aliphatic hydrocarbons published recently 4) allows the separation of steric and resonance effects on the thermal stabilities of 3. It is concluded that the position of the transition state on the reaction coordinate depends strongly on group sizes.
    Notes: Eine Reihe 1,2-Dialkyl-1,2-diphenylethane 3 wurde durch Dimerisationsreaktionen dargestellt. Teilweise wurden die reinen Diastereomeren isoliert und ihre Konfigurationen aufgeklärt. Der thermische Zerfall der Kohlenwasserstoffe 3 wurde präparativ und kinetisch untersucht, er erfolgt fast ausschließlich durch primäre Spaltung der zentralen C—C-Bindung. Die Zerfallskonstanten steigen semiquantitativ parallel mit den sterischen Substitutionskonstanten ESC und Sf der Molekülhälften an. Eine bessere Korrelation geben die experimentell bzw. Durch Kraftfeldrechnungen ermittelten Spannungsenthalpien. Der Vergleich dieser Korrelation mit der entsprechenden früher4) für reine Alkane ermittelten gestattet eine Separierung von sterischen und Resonanzeffekten auf die thermische Stabilität von 3. Es wird gefolgert, daß die Lage der Übergangszustände der Thermolysen auf der Reaktionskoordinate mit der Gruppengröße stark variiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 3780-3789 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, VII: meso- and DL-3,4-Di(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexaneThe structure of the thermolabile hydrocarbon meso-3,4-di(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane, meso-2 (t1/2 = 1 h at ≍ 210°C), was determined by X-ray analysis. In addition structure and strain energies of both diastereomers 2 were obtained by force field calculations (Allinger Force Field 1971). meso-2 has in agreement with its 13C NMR spectrum an anti-conformation in the solid and gaseous state and in solution. For DL-2 the preferred conformation is predicted to be gauche-1 (cf. Fig. 2). Force field calculations for various conformations of both diastereomers of 2 and their comparison with analogous calculations for meso- und DL-3,4-dicyclohexyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane (1) allow an interpretation of the factors determining the conformational situation.
    Notes: Die Struktur des thermolabilen Kohlenwasserstoffs meso-3,4-Di(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexan, meso-2 (t1/2 = 1 h bei ≍ 210°C), wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt. Nach der Kraftfeldmethode (Allinger-Kraftfeld 1971) wurden Struktur- und Spannungsenergie von beiden Diastereomeren 2 berechnet. In Einklang mit den 13C-NMR-Spektren besitzt meso-2 unabhängig vom Aggregatzustand die anti-Konformation, während für DL-2 die gauche-1 Vorzugskonformation (s. Abb. 2) vorausgesagt wird. Die Kraftfeldrechnungen für verschiedene Konformationen der Diastereomeren 2 und ihr Vergleich mit den entsprechenden Rechnungen für meso- und DL-3,4-Dicyclohexyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexan(1) gestatten eine Diskussion der konformationsbestimmenden Faktoren.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 3764-3779 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, VI: meso- and DL-3,4-Dicyclohexyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexaneThe title compounds meso- and DL-3,4-dicyclohexyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane (2) and meso-3,4-di(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane (4) were prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of the diastereomeric 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3,4-diphenylhexanes 3. ΔG≠ (300°C) for the thermal decomposition of meso-2 (t1/2 = 1 h at 285°C) is 4.1 kcal/mol lower than for DL-2. meso-2 has 41.4 ± 5 kcal/mol strain energy according to combustion experiments. In reasonable agreement with the kinetic and thermochemical measurements strain energies of 38.5 kcal/mol for meso-2 and 32.7 kcal/mol for DL-2 were estimated by force field calculations using the Engler-Schleyer force field. X-ray analyses, EFF-calculations, and the NMR spectra allow the conclusion that for the solid and gaseous state and in solution meso- and DL-2 have the deformed gauche conformations 2b and 2a, respectively (cf. table 4). They also explain their different thermal stability.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindungen meso- und DL-3,4-Dicyclohexyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexan (2) sowie meso-3,4-Di(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexan (4) wurden durch katalytische Hydrierung der diastereomeren 2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3,4-diphenylhexane 3 dargestellt. meso-2 zerfällt mit t1/2 = 1 h bei 285°C und mit um 4.1 kcal/mol geringerer freier Aktivierungsenthalpie ΔG≠ (300°) als das DL-Isomere in Radikale. Nach thermochemischen Messungen besitzt das meso-Isomere 41.4 ± 5 kcal/mol Spannungsenergie. Durch EFF-Rechnungen mit dem Engler-Schleyer-Kraftfeld ergeben sich für meso- und DL-2 38.5 bzw. 32.7 kcal/mol Spannungsenergie in Übereinstimmung mit den thermochemischen und den kinetischen Messungen. Die Ergebnisse der Röntgenstrukturanalysen und der Strukturbestimmung durch EFF-Rechnungen sowie NMR-Spektren zeigen, daß beide Diastereomere im Kristall, im Gaszustand und in Lösung die stark verzerrten gauche-Vorzugskonformationen meso-2b und DL-2a (s. Tab. 4) einnehmen, die auch ihre unterschiedliche thermische Stabilität erklären.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3364-3383 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, XVI. Thermal Stability, Strain Enthalpy, and Structure of Sym. Tetrasubstituted EthanesActivation parameters were determined for the thermolysis reaction of 12 sym. tetrasubstituted ethanes (Ct—Ct series). From product analyses it was concluded that the central Ct—Ct bond is cleaved in the rate determining step by homolysis. The correlation between ΔH≠ and the change in strain enthalpy during the activation process (MM2 calculations) points to nearly 20% residual strain at transition state. From a comparison of the thermolysis data for Ct—Ct and Cq—Cq ethanes a 2.3 kcal · mol-1 difference in stabilization energy for sek. and tert. alkyl radicals is derived as an upper limiting value. The influence of strain on bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles is compared for Ct—Ct and Cq—Cq ethanes.
    Notes: Die Aktivierungsparameter der Thermolyse von 12 symmetrisch tetrasubstituierten Ethanen (Ct—Ct-Reihe) wurden bestimmt. Produktanalysen belegen, daß im Primärschritt der Thermolyse die zentrale Ct—Ct-Bindung homolytisch gespalten wird. Aus der Korrelation zwischen ΔH≠ und der Abnahme der Spannungsenthalpie im Zuge der Bindungsdissoziation (Kraftfeldrechnungen) folgt, daß im Übergangszustand der Thermolyse noch ungefähr 20% Restspannung verbleiben. Aus dem Vergleich der Thermolyse von Ct—Ct- und Cq—Cq-Ethanen läßt sich 2.3 kcal ·mol-1 als oberer, vermutlich zu hoher Grenzwert für den Unterschied der Stabilisierungsenergie sek. und tert. Alkylradikale angeben. Der Einfluß der Spannung auf Bindungslängen, Bindungs- und Torsionswinkel wird mit den Verhältnissen in der Cq—Cq-Ethanreihe verglichen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 1-O-3-(4-Vinylphenyl)propyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1) undergoes in water a closed association under formation of N-mers. The unimer/N-mer association is directly visible in the Schlieren pattern of ultracentrifugal synthetic boundary experiments. Association numbers and mass-concentration-based equilibrium constants of association were calculated from the variation of N-mer concentrations with unimer concentrations and from the concentration dependence of inverse apparent average molar masses as measured by both vapor phase osmometry and sedimentation equilibrium. Association numbers were also calculated from the combination of sedimentation coefficients with diffusion coefficients, sedimentation coefficients with intrinsic viscosities, and diffusion coefficients with interinsic viscosities as well as from the dependence of apparent mass-average molar masses on inverse apparent number-average molar masses. All methods gave in general different association numbers and equilibrium constants. The effect, which was not found for other non-ionic amphiphiles, is probably due to the existence of consecutive equilibria between the unimer and a low molar mass P-mer which associates to a higher molar mass R-mer. Viscosity data are in agreement with the picture of a spherical micelle for the dominant P-mers with about 10 water molecules per glucose residue. The micellization of 1 is both enthalpy- and entropy-driven, in contrast to the micellization of 1-O-octyl-β-D-glucopyranose which is a strictly entropy-driven process.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The glass transition temperatures Tg of homogeneous binary blends of the homo- and the statistical copolymers of the system poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) were studied. Some of the blends, which are in the equilibrium phase separated, were forced into homogeneity. Tg (φ) of the homopolymer blends (PS/PMMA)φ follows the Fox equation, while Tg (x) of the pure copolymers P(SxMMA1 - x) exhibits a minimum. This minimum can be effectively removed by blending the copolymers with small fractions (φ ≈ 0,2) of one of the two homopolymers or a differently composed copolymer P(SyMMA1 - y).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 2749-2766 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Phase diagrams and concentration fluctations of blends of tetramethyl polycarbonate (TMPC)Polycarbonate of 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethyl-4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol (tetramethyl derivative of bisphenol A). and random copolymers P(SxMMA1-x) of styrene and methyl methacrylate were analyzed, using cast films and dry films. Phase separation was detected by light microscopy, DSC and small-angle neutron scattering. Neutron scattering was also used to measure the structure of fluctuations in one-phase as well as two-phase states. The merits and problems of the various methods are discussed. Blends TMPC/P(SxMMA1-x) have high-temperature miscibility gaps at x 〉 0,5. The copolymers interact non-ideally, in a manner that had been observed before in their blends with PS and PMMA. An equation based on the classical theory but allowing diad effects describes the interaction parameters fairly well. It was used to calculate the interaction parameter of the immiscible homopolymer blend TMPC/PMMA which was also determined from the miscibility gap of a ternary blend TMPC/PMMA/P(SxMMA1-x).
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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