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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 263 (2000), S. 99-101 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Key words Leptin ; Menstrual cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Leptin is a cytokine involved in the regulation of food intake and fertility in rodents and in humans. No data exist about serum leptin serum levels during the spontaneous menstrual cycle. In this study 16 ovulatory cycles of endocrinologically normal volunteers were analyzed. Blood samples were taken on alternate days throughout the menstrual cycle for measurement of serum estradiol, progesterone, LH, FSH and leptin serum levels. No correlation of leptin values with estradiol values (r = 0.07) or progesterone values (r = 0.14) were seen. Mean leptin values during the luteal phase were significantly higher (16.67 ± 9.45 ng/mL) compared to the follicular phase (13.50 ± 8.75 ng/mL) (P 〈 0.02). A strongly positive correlation with the progression of the menstrual cycle could be seen (r = 0.91). The physiological significance of higher luteal phase leptin levels is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: alcoholic cardiomyopathy ; enzymes ; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated in rat hearts if chronic alcohol consumption causes an enzymatic adaption of the energy-supplying metabolism and/or of the alcohol-aldehyde metabolizing system. 16 rats were pair-fed with a liquid diet for 10 weeks. Ethanol was added to this diet to amount for 35% of calories in eight rats and was isocalorically replaced by saccharose in the control group. Selected enzyme activities of the glycolysis, the glycogenolysis, the β-oxidation of fatty acids, the citric acid cycle and the alcohol-aldehyde oxidizing system were determined in the supernatants of the homogenized hearts. The intracellular redox state was assessed by measurement of the myocardial nicotinamide coenzymes. Enzyme activities of the alcohol-aldehyde metabolizing system did not alter after chronic alcohol intake. As we found that the capacity to oxidize acetaldehyde was much higher than the ability to oxidize ethanol we must question the role of acetaldehyde in inducing alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Chronic ethanol treatment significantly increased the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and decreased the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. The impairment of the hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase was not significant. The other measured enzyme activities did not alter, nor the intracellular redox state. The enzymatic adaption indicates an impaired glycogenolysis, an increased glycolysis, and probably a diminished β-oxidation of fatty acids. We expect that the measurement of the responding enzyme activities in human endomyocardial biopsies should be a good tool to further classify cardiomyopathies according to biochemical criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: infarct size ; pig ; residual blood flow ; ventricular fibrillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in each of 28 thoracotomized pigs around an intracoronary catheter for periods between 30 and 240 min followed by 90 min of reperfusion. The catheter was connected via an external pump with another arterial catheter. The pump rate was set to deliver 1.5 ml (group I), 3 ml (group II), or 6 ml blood/min (group III) respectively during ischemia. The distribution of the residual blood flow during ischemia was determined in group II with non-radioactive microspheres. We delineated the risk region by a fluorescent dye and the infarcted tissue with a tetrazolium stain. The higher residual blood flow in groups II and III reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation during ischemia from 70% (group I) to 28%, suggesting that the amount of residual blood flow is one important determinant for this rhythm disturbance. The subendocardial-subepicardial blood flow ratio in the risk region of the anterior wall was 41%. Infarcts started to develop after 30 min of ischemia (groups I and II). In all groups necrosis progressed most rapidly within the first 90 min of ischemia indicating that besides the beneficial effect of a high residual blood flow only early reperfusion is able to salvage a substantial amount of jeopardized myocardium. Compared to conventional regionally ischemic canine and porcine heart preparations the described model offers the following advantages: Accurate delineation of the risk region, eligible residual blood flow, reduction of ventricular fibrillation with higher residual blood flows, and the possibility to selectively test the metabolic influence of drugs on ischemic injury while avoiding systemic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 79 (1984), S. 440-447 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: myocardium ; ischemia ; infarction ; reperfusion ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the temporal and spatial development of infarcts in porcine hearts to evaluate the time-dependent beneficial effect of reperfusion on infarct size. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded in 17 pigs for different periods of time followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Transmural needle biopsies subdivided into subendocardial and subepicardial halves were taken from the ischemic apex after 60 min of ischemia to determine the tissue concentrations of ATP and NAD. The myocardium-at-risk was assessed with a fluorescent dye injected into the right atrium at the end of the experiments, just after the LAD had been reoccluded. The excised hearts were cut into slices parallel to the heart basis. The ischemic myocardium was measured by planimetry of the nonfluorescent areas whereas the infarcted tissue was determined with the NBT stain and related to the area-at-risk. Ischemic cell death started in the jeopardized left ventricular subendocardial septum after about 30 min of ischemia. The further progress involved the right subendocardial septum and the subendocardium of the left anterior free wall. Already after 75 min of ischemia most of the myocytes-at-risk were irreversibly injured. Infarctions reached their final extent after 90–120 min of ischemia. These results indicate that in hearts without a significant collateral blood flow reperfusion can only reduce infarct size if its initiated within 60–75 min of ischemia. Like in canine hearts infarctions progress from the ischemic subendocardium towards the outer layers.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: ischemia ; reperfusion ; vitamin E ; infarct size ; regionalsystolic shortening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty pigs were randomly assigned to a blind treatment with vitamin E or placebo. Ten animals each received 0.5g d-alpha tocopherol intravenously before ischemia (group 1) or before reperfusion (group 2). Ten control pigs were treated with a lipid emulsion as placebo. The left anterior descending coronary artery was distally ligated for 45 min followed by 3 days of reperfusion. Infarct size was determined as ratio of infarcted (tetrazolium stain) to ischemic myocardium (dye technique). Regional systolic shortening was assessed by sonomicrometry. Myocardial and plasma concentrations of vitamin E were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Global hemodynamic parameters and estimated left ventricular oxygen consumption did not differ among the three groups. Intravenous treatment with vitamin E raised the plasma levels of this vitamin from 1 ± 0.3 mg/l (control group) to 21 ± 6 mg/l before ischemia, to 4 ± 2 mg/l before reperfusion and to 2 ± 0.6 mg/l at the end of the experiments in group 1. In group 2, vitamin E plasma levels increased from 1 ± 0.3 mg/l to 24 ± 13 mg/l before reperfusion and to 2 ± 0.6 mg/l after 3 days of reperfusion. At the end of the experiments, myocardial vitamin E concentrations amounted to 4.2 ± 0.7 ng/mg fresh weight (control group), 9.7 ± 2.1 ng/mg (group 1), and to 8.7 ± 1.4 ng/mg (group 2). The increase in vitamin E plasma concentration was not associated with a cardioprotective effect. Infarct sizes of the three groups (group 1: 68 ± 12%, group 2: 66 ± 15%, control group: 69 ± 8%) were almost identical. Furthermore, recovery of systolic shortening was not improved by the acute vitamin E treatment. Mean systolic shortening of the reperfused segment amounted to 4% in the two treatment groups and 3% in the control group after 3 days of reperfusion. These results suggest that an acute increase in vitamin E plasma concentration before ischemia or during the early phase of reperfusion does not protect the ischemic, reperfused porcine heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: mannitol ; ischemia ; reperfusion ; infarct size ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the effect of reperfusion with hyperosmotic mannitol on the infarct size in porcine hearts. The distal half of the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in each of 21 anesthetized pigs for 75 min and was reperfused for 2 h. During reperfusion mannitol (1075 mosmol/kg) was intracoronarily infused at a dose of 0.5 ml/min in 6 pigs (“low” mannitol group), at a dose of 1.5 ml/min in another 6 pigs (“high” mannitol group), and at a dose of 5 ml/min in 3 pigs for the first 8 min of reperfusion (“very high” mannitol group). 6 pigs served as controls. Although mannitol infusion increased plasma osmolality in the ischemic, reperfused myocardium in all experiments, the infarct size expressed as the ratio of the infarcted tissue over the area at risk of necrosis was not significantly influenced. Infarct size amounted to 72±25% in the control group, to 75±14% in the “low” mannitol group, to 78±18% in the “high” mannitol group, and to 93±8% in the “very high” mannitol group. These results clearly indicate that reperfusion with hyperosmotic mannitol after 75 min of ischemia does not exert any beneficial effect on the infarct size.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: NAD ; ultrastructure ; ischemic cell injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der biochemische Mechanismus, der dafür verantwortlich ist, daß reversibel geschädigte Zellen schließlich sterben, ist unbekannt. Wir untersuchten, ob der Verlust an Nicotinamidcoenzymen der entscheidende Grund für den Zelluntergang sein kann. Bei 6 Hunden wurde der Ramus interventricularis anterior für 4 h unterbunden. Transmurale Nadelbiopsien wurden nach 1/2 h, 1 h, 1 1/2 h, 2 h und 4 h Ischämie aus dem ischämischen Gebiet entnommen und in subepikardiale und subendokardiale Hälften unterteilt. Zu den angegebenen Zeiten wurden die Konzentrationen der Coenzyme NAD, NADH und NADPH in den Biopsien gemessen und der Schädigungsgrad des Gewebes durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestimmt. Die Glycohydrolaseaktivität (E.C. 3.2.2.5) wurde in Gehirn, Herz, Niere und Skelettmuskel von 4 Ratten ermittelt. Gesamt-NAD, die Summe von NAD und NADH, nahm signifikant nach einer Stunde im ischämischen Subendokard ab. Der Verlust and NADPH trat erst nach zwei Stunden ein. Wenn durch ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung irreversible Zellschädigung festgestellt wurde, hatte der Gesamtgehalt von NAD etwa 60–70% abgenommen. Die Glycohydrolaseaktivität war am höchsten im Gehirn, gefolgt von Herz, Niere und Skelettmuskel und entspricht der unterschiedlichen Ischämietoleranz dieser Organe. Wir nehmen an, daß der entscheidende Grund für die irreversible Zellschädigung die Gewebsazidose ist, die zu einer Aktivierung der Glycohydrolase führt, die ihrerseits die lebenswichtigen Coenzyme spaltet.
    Notes: Summary We investigated if the loss of nicotinamide coenzymes in ischemic-infarcted myocardium may be responsible for the transition from reversibly ischemic to irreversibly infarcted cell damage. The LAD was occluded in 6 dogs for 4 h. Transmural needle biopsies were taken from the ischemic-infarcted region after 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2, and 4 h of ischemia and further divided into subepicardial and subendocardial halves. At each time interval the concentration of the nicotinamide coenzymes NAD, NADH, and NADPH were measured, and the degree of cellular injury was evaluated by electron microscopy. The glycohydrolase activity (EC 3.2.2.5), the enzyme which splits NAD, was determined in brain, myocardium, kidney, and skeletal muscle of 4 rats. Total NAD, the sum of NAD and NADH, started to decrease significantly in the ischemic subendocarium 1 h after onset of ischemia. Degradation of NADPH occurred later. Loss ot total NAD was about 60–70% when electron microscopy diagnosed irreversible cell injury. The glycohydrolase activity was the highest in brain followed by myocardium, kidney, and skeletal muscle, reflecting the different tolerances of these tissues towards ischemia. The key mechanism for ischemic injury seems to be the tissue acidosis which activates the glycohydrolase leading to a loss of the vital coenzymes.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 83 (1988), S. 550-559 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: infarction ; tetrazolium staining ; regionalmyocardial function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The temporal development of infarcts was histochemically and functionally determined in porcine hearts. In one series of experiments (22 pigs), the distal third of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was transiently occluded for periods between 20 and 90 min and was reperfused for another 24h. At the end of the experiments, the infarcted myocardium of four tissue slices was determined with a tetrazolium stain and related to the risk region which was delineated by a fluorescent dye. Infarcts started to develop in the ischemic septum and the subendocardial layer of the free anterior wall between 20 and 35 min of ischemia. Thereafter, infarctions progressed rapidly from the inner towards the outer layer at risk. The jeopardized anterior left ventricular wall became almost completely infarcted within 60 min of ischemia. In a second series of experiments (10 pigs) recovery of systolic shortening was studied with implanted ultrasonic crystals over 3 weeks of reperfusion. At the end of the experiments, systolic shortening was about 75% of baseline level when ischemia had lasted between 20 and 35 min. Almost no recovery was observed when the occlusion time lasted 45 to 60 min. This study suggests that the assessment of myocardial infarction with a tetrazolium stain after 24 h of reperfusion corresponds very well with functional recovery after 3 weeks of reperfusion. Furthermore, determination of regional myocardial function of the ischemic, reperfused segment in the chronic stage may be considered an additional tool to evaluate therapeutic effects on infarct size in this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: infarct size ; reperfusion-inducedarrhythmias ; oxygen free radicals ; superoxide dismutase ; porcine hearts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of recombinant human superoxide dismutase (rh-SOD) on infarct size was investigated in porcine hearts. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in each of 24 anesthetized pigs for 45 min and reperfused for 24 h. The animals were randomly assigned to either rh-SOD (n=12) or placebo treatment (n=12). 2 min before reperfusion, an intracoronary (i.c.) infusion of rh-SOD (total dose: 2000 U/kg) or placebo was started which lasted for up to 45 min reperfusion. At the end of the experiment, the infarcted myocardium was assessed using a tetrazolium stain (NBT) and related to the risk region which was determined with a fluorescent dye. Two pigs of the SOD group and one of the control group died before the end of the experiments. Except for a lower calculated myocardial oxygen consumption and a lower dp/dtmax in the SOD group during ischemia, hemodynamic parameters of the two groups did not differ significantly. rh-SOD i.c. treatment during reperfusion did not reduce infarct size significantly. Infarct size amounted to 74±13% in the control group and to 66±19% in the treated group. The incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias was not affected by rh-SOD treatment. It is concluded that i.c. rh-SOD treatment at the beginning of reperfusion neither significantly reduces infarct size nor diminishes the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias in this preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The lifetime of cation selective carrier-PVC-membranes partially depends on the components' remaining in the membrane. An exchange of monomeric by polymeric plasticizers with low tendency to migrate lengthens the function time drastically. Other than for Na+ - and NH4+-selective membranes, it is essential for K+ - and Ca2+-selective membranes and optional for H+-selective membranes to incorporate lipophilic anions in order to make the phase transfer catalysis more efficient. The resistence to saponification of phthalic acid polyester gives H+-selective membranes a high stability of measured values even in the alkaline range.For anion selective PVC-membranes, instead of cation selective plasticizers the plasticizing qualities of a liquid charged ligand should be used.The tubular carrier-PVC-membranes of our ion selective flow through measuring systems are diffusion welded to the ends of two PVC-tubes [1] so that they are absolutely tight with no risk of potential leakage. Migration of the membrane components plasticizer and ionophore across this border as well as their extraction [2, 3] into the measuring solution [4] will naturally reduce the membrane's functionning time [5].
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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