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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 59 (1971), S. 250-261 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The extraction-chromatographic separation of uranium(VI) from nitric acid solutions is described. Columns were employed containing di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (HDEHP) in xylene as stationary phase. If only uranium(IV) and uranium(VI) are present, it is sufficient to elute with nitric acid/0.1M hydrazine. From solutions of more complex composition, which in addition to uranium(IV) and uranium(VI) also contain longer-lived fission products (144Ce,106Ru,95Nb and137Cs), plutonium(III) and corrosion products of steel [Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III)], the uranium(IV) was separated by two varieties. In the first variant it was retained on the column by 5% HDEHP in xylene and all accompanying ions were removed with 2N nitric acid/0.1M hydrazine. In the second variant, in addition to the uranium(IV), the uranium(VI) also was captured in a separate fraction. 30% HDEHP was employed as stationary phase, while the elution agent was 11.7N nitric acid/0.1M hydrazine. In both variants, the uranium(IV) could be eluted from the column by a mixture of 15% sulfuric acid/5% phosphoric acid. In the first variant, the uranium(IV) could also be eluted by means of 11.7N nitric acid/0.1M hydrazine in case it was planned to have it present after the separation in nitric acid solution. The stability of the columns and of the uranium(IV) and the influence of the HDEHP concentration in xylene and the nitric acid concentration as well as the behavior of several ions under the separation conditions are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die extraktionschromatographische Abtrennung von Uran(IV) aus salpetersauren Lösungen wird beschrieben. Kolonnen mit Di-(2-äthylhexyl)-phosphorsäure (HDEHP) in Xylol als stationärer Phase wurden verwendet. Bei alleiniger Anwesenheit von Uran(IV) und Uran(VI) genügte es, mit Salpetersäure/0,1-m Hydrazin zu eluieren. Aus Lösungen komplexerer Zusammensetzung, die neben Uran(IV) und Uran(VI) auch noch längerlebige Spaltprodukte (144Ce,106Ru,95Nb und137Cs), Plutonium (III) und Korrosionsprodukte von Stahl [Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) und Cr(III)] enthielten, wurde das Uran(IV) auf zwei Arten abgetrennt. Bei der ersten Variante wurde es durch 5%iges HDEHP in Xylol an der Kolonne festgehalten und alle Begleitionen mit 2-n Salpetersäure/0,1-m Hydrazin entfernt. Bei der zweiten Variante konnte neben dem Uran (IV) auch das Uran(VI) in einer gesonderten Fraktion aufgefangen werden. Als stationäre Phase wurde 30%iges HDEHP, als Elutionsmittel 11,7-n Salpetersäure/0,1-m Hydrazin verwendet. Bei beiden Varianten konnte das Uran(IV) mit einem Gemisch aus 15% Schwefelsäure/5% Phosphorsäure von der Kolonne eluiert werden. Bei der ersten Variante konnte das Uran(IV) auch mit 11,7-n Salpetersäure/0,1-m Hydrazin eluiert werden, wenn es nach der Trennung in salpetersaurer Lösung vorliegen sollte. Die Stabilität der Kolonnen und des Uran(IV), der Einfluß der HDEHP-Konzentration in Xylol und der Salpetersäurekonzentration sowie das Verhalten einiger Ionen bei den Trennbedingungen werden besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Komplexen des Uran (IV) durch Extraktion des U(IV) aus schwefel-, perchlor-, phosphor- und salpetersauren Lösungen mit unverdünnter Di-(2-äthylhexyl)-orthophosphorsäure (HDEHP) wird beschrieben. Die Zusammensetzung der in Kontakt mit Schwefelund Perchlorsäure erhaltenen Komplexe entspricht der Formel [U(DEHP)4] n , die in Kontakt mit Salpetersäure erhaltenen Komplexe besitzen die Formel [U(NO3)(DEHP)3] n . Durch Aufnahme von Absorptionsspektren im infraroten Bereich (4000 bis 625 cm−1) konnten Anhaltspunkte über die Struktur der Komplexe-insbesondere über die Anwesenheit des Nitrats-erhalten werden. Die charakteristischen Banden werden diskutiert und mögliche Bindungsarten des Nitrats und Urans besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The preparation and characterization of complexes of uranium(IV) by extraction of U(IV) from sulfuric, perchloric, phosphoric and nitric acid solutions with undiluted di-(2-ethylhexyl)-orthophosphoric acid (HDEHP) is described. The composition of the complexes in contact with sulfuric and perchloric acid follows the formula [U(DEHP)4] n ; complexes in contact with nitric acid correspond to [U(NO3)(DEHP)3] n . Absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region (4000–625 cm−1) yielded structural information about these complexes, especially about the presence of nitrate. The characteristic absorption bands are discussed as well as possible types of bonding of the nitrate ion and of uranium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 204 (1997), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Zearalenone ; Wheat ; Fusarium graminearum ; Cereal contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The contamination of cereals with field-growing Fusarium species can be a health hazard since Fusarium are known for their ability to produce mycotoxins like zearalenone (ZON) and deoxynivalenol (DON). For this study the formation of ZON was investigated under controlled growth conditions. Ergosterol, as an indicator of fungal growth, and ZON were analysed by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection respectively. It is shown that ZON is synthesised in the late growth phase of the fungi, which is typical for secondary metabolites. Milling of contaminated wheat shows a reduced content of ZON in fractions of low ash content. Consequently the concentration of ZON in bran, which has a high ash content, was much higher.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 208 (1999), S. 336-341 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Cooked chicken meat ; Chill storage ; Sensory evaluation ; Cluster analysis ; Electronic nose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  In the present study the changes of the volatile fraction of heat-treated chicken meat in the course of chill storage were observed by using different techniques. It was the aim of the study to compare the results obtained by the new technique of the electronic nose to those gained by GC-MS and GC olfactometry (using comparative aroma extract dilution analysis). Chill storage at 4  °C of cooked chicken meat showed large increases in concentration as well as in flavour dilution factors of typical lipid oxidation products such as saturated and unsaturated aldehydes as well as alkylated furans, especially within the first 24 h. These results were confirmed by cluster analysis of selected lipid oxidation products. Analysing the chicken meat with an electronic nose showed results which are highly correlated with those obtained by commonly used and well-known gas chromatographic techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words 5 ; 6-Dihydro-2 ; 4 ; 6-trimethyl-4H-1 ; 3 ; 5-dithiazine ; Thialdine ; Simultaneous distillation ; extraction ; Likens ; Nickerson ; Dried hen meat ; Artefact formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  5,6-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3,5-dithiazine (thialdine) is an aroma-active compound that has been isolated from different species of meat. In this study we have investigated the formation of thialdine using the simultaneous distillation–extraction according to Likens–Nickerson for the extraction of aroma compounds. Three isomers of thialdine were identified in the aroma extract of cooked and dried hen meat. It was shown that these compounds are not genuine substances from the sample examined, but that they are artefacts formed during sample preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 205 (1997), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Nitro-PAHs ; PAHs ; SFE ; Tea ; GC/MSD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The ability of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to extract nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) from tea matrices is described and discussed. An experimental approach was set up to determine the influences of various extraction parameters, i. e. pressure, temperature, extraction time and addition of modifier. The evaluation of the method was carried out by analysing samples of fortified tea and then comparing the results with those obtained from conventional extraction procedures, such as Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonication. SFE proved to be far better than the conventional methods at monitoring levels of nitro-PAHs in tea. However, due to the wide range of polarity of the analytes investigated, selective extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was not possible; hence, subsequent purification steps were necessary, prior to the final GC/MSD analyses. The nitro-PAHs and PAHs concentrations in several tea samples were determined, any correlation between nitro-PAHs and PAHs was studied and the results are presented in this article.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 207 (1998), S. 477-480 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Heterocyclic amines ; Fried meat ; Spices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAs) are mutagenic compounds that are formed during heating of meat and fish. These substances are reaction products of creatine with amino acids and carbohydrates. It is recommended that exposure to these probable human carcinogens should be minimised. Five heterocyclic aromatic amines which occur in beef were investigated: 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Clean-up was done by acid-base partition followed by SPE using blue cotton. HPLC analysis was carried out by using electrochemical detection for IQ- and IQx-type compounds and fluorescence detection for PhIP. The concentrations of the aromatic amines were as follows: IQ, 10.2 μg/kg; MeIQ, 2.46 μg/kg; MeIQx, 13.2 μg/kg; 4,8-DiMeIQx, 2.26 μg/kg; and PhIP, 5.48 μg/kg. The application of spices (rosemary, thyme sage, garlic, brine) reduced the content of the HAs below 60% of the amount found in the control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 366 (2000), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Anthocyanins, natural food antioxidants, can be identified in human blood plasma using a restricted access phase for removal of the proteins and enrichment of the anthocyanins. In preliminary studies the spray dried elderberry juice was shown to have antioxidant activities in vitro. From the four known anthocyanins present in elderberry (Sambucus nigra) the two main components could be analysed quantitatively enabling their analysis in blood. Using a restricted access phase and a column switching set-up the injection of high volumes of concentrated protein solutions is possible. Additional, by using high injection volumes the sensitivity is increased due to a concentration of the analytes on the restricted access phase. The limit of quantification reached was 0.5 ng/mL. In this experiment the maximum concentration in blood (35 mg/mL) was observed after 1 h with a quick decay.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 366 (2000), S. 375-378 
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAs) are potential cancerogens found in heated meat and fish. From the precursors creatin/ine amino acids and carbohydrates the HAs are formed in very complex reactions at high temperatures. The concentration in meat is very low and the analysis especially the clean-up is critical due to the complex meat matrix. The concentrations in heated meat are in the low ng/g range. With increasing time of heating and the temperature the concentration of the HAs (MeIQx, IQ, 4,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP) can increase from 0 to 5 ng/g at ¶140 °C for 15 min to 20 to 40 ng/g at 220 °C for 35 min. MeIQ is formed at a significant lower amount.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 322 (1985), S. 220-222 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine gas-chromatographische Bestimmungsmethode zur Erfassung von 16 halogenierten aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen wird vorgestellt. Die Methode erlaubt es, gleichzeitig auch Chlorkohlenwasserstoff-Pesticide und polychlorierte Biphenyle zu bestimmen. Probleme der Aufarbeitung von Trockenprodukten und die Extraktion der Lösungsmittel werden behandelt. Beispiele für die Anwendung der Methode auf Trink- und Abwasser, sowie Futtermittel und das „Carry-over“ auf Lebensmittel werden gegeben.
    Notes: Summary A method for the determination of 16 different halogenated solvent residues by gaschromatography is described. With this procedure it is possible to determine chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls simultaneously. Problems in the clean-up and extraction procedure are dealt with, especially with dried material. Examples for the analysis for residues in drinking water, waste water and feeding-stuffs and the carry-over to food are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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