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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 204 (1997), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Zearalenone ; Wheat ; Fusarium graminearum ; Cereal contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The contamination of cereals with field-growing Fusarium species can be a health hazard since Fusarium are known for their ability to produce mycotoxins like zearalenone (ZON) and deoxynivalenol (DON). For this study the formation of ZON was investigated under controlled growth conditions. Ergosterol, as an indicator of fungal growth, and ZON were analysed by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection respectively. It is shown that ZON is synthesised in the late growth phase of the fungi, which is typical for secondary metabolites. Milling of contaminated wheat shows a reduced content of ZON in fractions of low ash content. Consequently the concentration of ZON in bran, which has a high ash content, was much higher.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 93 (1977), S. 71-88 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wurzelstücke vonArmoracia rusticana wurden auf Agarmedien nachMurashige undSkoog 1962 mit Zusatz von 2,4 D kultiviert. Daraus entstanden Kallusgewebe mit zahlreichen Vegetationspunkten. Ohne Zusatz von Wuchsstoffen entwickelten sich Pflänzchen, die in Erde ausgesetzt zu groß en Individuen mit verschieden deformierten Blättern heranwuchsen. Diese, sowie steril gezogene Pflanzen und der Kallus wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es fielen zweierlei Einschlüsse auf, schalenförmige, aufgebaut aus isometrischen Partikeln und spindelartige, bestehend aus fibrillären Partikeln. Die schalenförmigen Einschlüsse treten im Cytoplasma meristematischer Zellen des Kallus auf, die Partikeln sind ca. 20–22 nm groß. In allen übrigen untersuchten Geweben kommen die gleichen Aggregate nur in der Vakuole vor. Die Partikeln wurden auch in Plasmodesmen sämtlicher Gewebe gefunden. Sie liegen innerhalb eines Tubulus, der auf einer Seite der Zellwand ins Cytoplasma vorsteht. Desmotubuli kommen nur in partikelfreien Plasmodesmen vor. Zellwandvorstülpungen wurden nur in Kallusgewebe und Epidermiszellen der Blätter beobachtet. Innerhalb dieser sind ebenfalls Tubuli mit isometrischen Partikeln zu finden. Auffallend große Hohlräume in den Zellwänden der Kalluszellen, die in Verbindung mit Plasmodesmen stehen, enthalten viele zum Teil geordnete Partikeln. Es hat den Anschein, als würden sie in der Zellwand wie auch in der Vakuole abgelagert. Die fibrillären Partikeln kommen selten gemeinsam mit den isometrischen in derselben Zelle vor. Man findet sie im Cytoplasma und im Zellkern meist in Form von Spindeln. Die Fibrillen haben einen Durchmesser von ca. 12 nm. Das Thylakoidsystem der ausdifferenzierten Chloroplasten im Kallus und in den Blattzellen ist bogig gekrümmt, einzelne aufgetriebene Thylakoide liegen als Vesikeln im peripheren Stroma. Da die Gewebe vonArmoracia- Pflanzen verschiedener Fundorte keine derartigen Einschlüsse und Piastidenveränderungen aufwiesen, kann angenommen werden, daß die für die Kultur verwendeten Wurzelstücke von zwei verschiedenen Viren infiziert waren. Eine Isolierung der Viren ist bisher nicht gelungen.
    Notes: Summary Root explants ofArmoracia rusticana were cultivatedin vitro on theMurashige, andSkoog 1962 nutrient medium with addition of 2,4 D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Under such conditions callus tissue containing several apical meristems developed. Without 2,4 D the explants were growing to aseptic small plants; when further cultivated in soil they developed into big plants showing leaves with different deformations. These leaves, aseptically cultivated plants and callus tissue were examined by light and electron microscopy. There occured two types of inclusions consisting of isometric and elongated particles, respectively. Those of the isometric type were observed in the cytoplasm of meristematic cells of the callus; the isometric particles had a diameter of about 20–22 nm and were arranged hexagonally or in curvilinear arrays. In all other tissues that were examined such aggregates were to be seen only in vacuoles. Isometric particles were also found in plasmodesmata of all tissues examined. They lay in a tubulus which protrudes into the cytoplasm on one side of the cell wall. Desmotubuli appeared only in particle-free plasmodesmata. Protrusions of the cell wall into the cytoplasm containing tubuli and isometric particles within were observed only in callus tissue and in epidermic cells of leaves. In the cell wall of callus cells, conspicuous cavities connected with the cytoplasm by plasmodesmata contained many particles which were arranged in hexagonal structures. It seemed as if they had been put away into the cell walls or into the vacuoles. The occurence of fibrillar inclusions together with those consisting of isometric particles in the same cell was extremely rare. The fibrillar inclusions were observed in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. The diameter of one fibril is about 12 nm. The thylacoids in well differentiated chloroplasts in callus and in cells of leaves are curved; single swelled thylacoids lie as vesicles in peripheral stroma. As tissues ofArmoracia rusticana plants from different localities do not contain such inclusions we assume that the root segment examined was infected with two different viruses. The isolation of the viruses has not yet been possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 108 (1981), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chrysocystidia ; Protein-inclusions ; Endoplasmic reticulum cisternae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Chrysocystidia ofHypholoma fasciculare were investigated during development. Filaments of 8−10 nm in diameter seem to appear on membranes as well as in the cytoplasm which displays an abundance of ribosomes. They aggregate into long spindle-like, often curved inclusions which are digestable with pepsin which indicates that they consist of protein. Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae are present in a large number at a certain stage of development. Degenerated protoplasts of mature Chrysocystidia contain much osmiophilic substance, broad inclusions of filaments and only a few stacks of cisternae. The significance of these structures is still unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Callus tissue, plants grown in the Botanical gardens, andin vitro cultivated plants ofArmoracia rusticana, were investigated. Dilated rough cisternae of ER characteristic ofBrassicaceae andCapparaceae occur in both the leaf and the root callus. They are spindle shaped and contain granula and filaments the latter are often oriented longitudinally. A tubular pattern could never be observed in the cisternae of the callus. This pattern is considered as typical of the dilated cisternae of the leaves and shoots ofArmoracia plants grown in the garden and of plants cultivatedin vitro. Few cells of the shoot apex containing filamentous material, however, were additionally found. In parenchyma cells of aseptically cultivated plants cisternae often fuse into shapeless formations which seem to persist. Phloem parenchyma cells of plants cultivatedin vitro contain tubules and areas of filaments in the very same cisternae, we suppose a close connexion between the two structures. Adjacent tubules appear to be linked by fine filaments. In the transverse section they form a hexagonal pattern with a centre-to-centre spacing of about 60 nm. The tubules have an external diameter of 20–24 nm and seem to be formed by 5 or 6 subunits in the transection. In differentiating sieve elements P protein tubules and cisternae containing tubules occur together. Relationship between the two tubules cannot be found. The idioblasts of the aseptically cultivated plants develop in the same way as those of plants grown in the Botanical gardens but they are absent in the callus tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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