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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 511-515 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Lymphocytes' distribution ; Lymphocyten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zahl und Verteilung der Lymphocyten innerhalb und außerhalb der lymphatischen Organe des Menschen ist quantitativ noch nicht bestimmt worden. Es liegen lediglich Messungen einzelner Lymphocytencompartments und Größenbestimmungen einzelner lymphatischer Organe vor. Theoretisch ist es möglich, die quantitative Charakterisierung der noch nicht untersuchten menschlichen Lymphocytencompartments durch Extrapolation von Tierdaten zu erreichen. Voraussetzung dafürt is, daß die entsprechenden Tierdaten mit den schon vorliegenden Teildaten des Menschen vergleichbar sind. Das trifft auf die Lymphocytenzahl und -verteilung bei der Ratte zu. Zwei voneinander unabhängige Schätzmethoden ergeben für den jung erwachsenen normalen Menschen eine Gesamtlymphocytenzahl von 400–500 Milliarden. Aufgrund von Primärdaten vom Menschen und Extrapolation von der Ratte ist folgende durchschnittliche Verteilung der Lymphocyten beim jüngeren Menschen wahrscheinlich: 2,2% im zirkulierenden Blut, 41,3% in den Lymphknoten und Tonsillen, 15,2% in der Milz, 4,3% im lymphatischen Gewebe des Darmtrakts, 10,9% im Thymus, 10,9% im Knochemark und etwa 15% in anderen Geweben.
    Notes: Summary The number and distribution of lymphocytes in man has not yet been determined quantitatively. But there is limited information available on the cell number or the size of single compartments of the human lymphoid cell system. The problem is to derive knowledge about the quantitatively unknown compartments from other data. This is done by extrapolation of data on rats to man after having confirmed that lymphocyte numbers in rat and man are comparable under certain conditions. Two independent approaches lead to an estimate of the total number of lymphocytes in normal young adult men of 400–500×109. According to conclusions derived from man data and extrapolation from the detailed studies in rats, the lymphocytes in young adult man should be distributed as follows: 2.2% in the circulating blood, 41.3% in the lymph nodes and tonsils, 15.2% in the spleen, 4.3% in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, 10.9% in the thymus, 10.9% in the bone marrow and about 15% in other tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 44 (1966), S. 640-646 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 27 normal persons and 30 patients in right congestive heart failure the venomotoric activity in antebrachial veins was studied during and after muscular work in prone position using the Verschlußtonographie-method. Simultanously the venous pressure was measured. In all tests there was a fast increase of the venomotoric activity under excercise. In normal subjects the venomotoric activity decreased in most of the cases already during exercise and returned to normal with-in 2 minutes after finishing work. In patient with congestive heart failure the venomotoric activity increased continously during work. The time in which these patients returned to the resting level of their venomotoric activity was on the average prolonged to about 4 minutes. In our opinion the relative short active increase of the venotone in normal person is only one reaction of the change of the whole circulatory system from rest to work. The acting of the venotone in chronic congestive heart failure may be the explanation of the regularly and continously increase of the venous pressure under work despite of the decrease of the total blood volume.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 27 Herzgesunden und 30 Patienten mit Rechtsinsuffizienz wurde mit der Verschlußtonographie das Verhalten der venomotorischen Aktivität (aktiver Venentonus) in Unterarmvenen während und nach leichter Tretarbeit im Liegen untersucht. Gleichzeitig wurde der periphere Venendruck gemessen. Bei allen Messungen kam es bei Belastung zu einem raschen Anstieg der venomotorischen Aktivität. Bei Herzgesunden nahm der aktive Venentonus in den meisten Fällen noch während der Belastung wieder ab und hatte etwa 2 min nach Ende der Belastung seinen Ausgangswert wieder erreicht. Bei den Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz stieg dagegen die venomotorische Aktivität in der Regel während der ganzen Belastungsdauer kontinuierlich weiter an,
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 46 (1968), S. 856-864 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two patients with dermatomyositis and one patient with temporal arteriitis were treated with horse antilymphocytic serum for 16–38 days. Without further immunosuppressive therapy most or some symptoms of the diesease improved in all patients. In one case a striking improvement occured only after a combination of antilymphocytic serum, cortisone and 6-mercaptopurine, whereas cortisone and 6-MP alone had poor effect. Allergic reactions against horse serum developed in two patients. That corresponds to an appearance of numerous plasmacells and of anti-horse serum antibodies in the blood. Intravenous injection of antilymphocytic serum caused a lymphopenia for more than 5 hous in contrast to a short granulocytopenia of only one or two hours. A permanent lymphopenia, however, during the time of treatment with daily injections was only observed in one patient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei Patientinnen mit Dermatomyositis und eine Patientin mit Arteriitis temporalis wurden 16–38 Tage mit Antilymphocytenserum vom Pferd behandelt. Ohne weitere immunsuppressive Therapie besserten sich bei allen Patienten die meisten oder einzelne Symptome ihrer Krankheit. In einem Fall trat eine entscheidende Besserung jedoch erst nach Kombination von Antilymphocytenserum mit Corticosteroiden und 6-Merkaptopurin ein, während die beiden letzten Medikamente ohne Serum nur geringen Effekt hatten. Bei zwei Patienten entwickelten sich hyperergischen Reaktionen gegen Pferdeserum. Dem entsprach eine plötzliche Ausschwemmung von Plasmazellen ins Blut und das Auftreten von Antipferdeserumantikörpern. Nach der intravenösen Gabe von Antilymphocytenserum kam es regelmäßig zu einer mehrstündigen Lymphopenie und einer wesentlich kurzfristigen Granulocytopenie. Jedoch bewirkten die täglichen Injektionen nur bei einer Patientin eine Dauerlymphopenie, woraus geschlossen wird, daß der immunsuppressive Effekt des Antilymphocytenserums nicht allein von einer Lymphocytenzerstörung abhängt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 165 (1976), S. 227-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen-lymphocytes ; Cell division ; In vitro-in vivo studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Parameters of the cell cycle of lymphoid cells were estimated by analyzing percent labeled mitoses curves after a 3H-thymidine flash. Either anaesthetized pigs were labeled and multiple biopsies taken from the spleen in vivo or isolated perfused pig spleens were labeled in vitro. The data from in vivo and in vitro experiments were very similar. The mean values for cell cycle parameters were: 20.2 to 20.5 hours for the generation time, about 0.5 to 1 hour for G2, about 1.2 to 1.3 hours for M; about 17 to 16.5 hours for S and about 1.5 to 1.7 hours for G1. The mean grain count halving time of labeled mitoses was in accordance with the measured generation time. The isolated perfused spleen seems to give results equal to in vivo data and could, therefore, be employed as a model for studying cell cycle parameters not only in animal but also in human lymphoid tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 316 (1966), S. 537-541 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Immunosuppressive agents ; Tuberculin test ; Inflammation ; Lymphocytes ; Monocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs, having developed cutaneous tuberculin hypersensitivity after immunization with BCG were treated for 10 days by intraperitoneal injections of moderately toxic doses of cyclophosphamide, triethylene melamine, ibenzmethyzin, 6-MP, amethopterin (6 injections in 13 days), actinomycin C, vinblastine, podophyllin derivative, prednisolone and phenylbutazone. After 5 days of treatment tuberculin reaction was suppressed in most animals by 6-MP, whereas the other substances had only moderate or no effect. After 10 days of treatment, however, tuberculin reactions were markedly diminished by nearly all applied substances with exception of vinblastine, TEM and amethopterin, which caused only weak effects. Inspite of nearly complete inhibition of the tuberculin reaction at the end of treatment with 6-MP and ibenzmethyzin a state of tolerance never developed. There was a correlation between the intensity of tuberculin reaction and the number of small lymphocytes with a pale cytoplasm in the blood. An unspecific inflammation, Rebuck's skin window (like the tuberculin reaction characterized by an intensive mononuclear cell infiltration), caused simultaneously with the tuberculin reaction immediately after the period of treatment was more or less markedly diminished by 6-MP, TEM, cyclophosphamide, ibenzmethyzin, podophyllin derivative and actinomycin. The notably good inhibition of an immunological reaction of the delayed type by a large scale of different substances in our experiments is explained by an immunosuppressive effect of all and an anti-inflammatory effect of some substances and by some kind of immunoparalysis caused by frequent injections of antigen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Anti-Neoplastic Agents ; Bone Marrow ; Lymphatic System ; Nucleic Acid Synthesis ; Resistance ; Cytostatika ; Knochenmark ; Lymphatisches System ; NS-Synthese ; Resistenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Meerschweinchen wurden 10–14 Tage lang mit mittelgradig toxischen Dosen von Cyclophosphamid, TEM, Ibenzmethyzin, 6-Mercaptopurin, Amethopterin, Actinomycin C, Vinblastin, Podophyllinsäurehydracid und Prednisolon behandelt. Am Ende der Behandlungsperiode und 10–28 Tage später wurden cytologische Präparate vom Knochenmark, von der Milz und von den Lymphknoten der Tiere angefertigt und mit Kontrollpräparaten verglichen. Das lymphatische System wurde durch alle Substanzen geschädigt, die Granulopoese desgleichen mit Ausnahme von Amethopterin und Prednisolon, die Erythropoese dagegen nur durch TEM, Actinomycin C, Vinblastin und hohe Dosen von Amethopterin. Ibenzmethyzin, Prednisolon und niedrigere Dosen von Amethopterin bewirkten eine Zunahme erythropoetischer Zellen, wobei (außer bei Ibenzmethyzin) nicht entschieden werden kann, ob dieser Vermehrung roter Vorstufen auch eine gesteigerte Erythropoese entspricht. In der Erholungsphase nach Behandlung kam es zu einer teilweise überschießenden Vermehrung der zuvor geschädigten Zell-populationen. Das war am deutlichsten bei der Erythro- und weniger ausgeprägt bei der Lymphopoese zu beobachten. Die unmittelbar nach der 10- bis 14tägigen Behandlung durchgeführte Inkubation der Lymphknoten mit3H-Thymidin,3H-Cytidin und3H-Leucin zeigte, daß die noch vorhandenen lymphatischen Zellen eine normale oder nur gering verminderte DNS-, RNS- und Proteinsynthese hatten. Dies wird mit einer mutmaßlichen Cytostatikaresistenz, zumindest einer Teilresistenz der überlebenden Zellen erklärt.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs were treated with moderately to highly toxic doses of cyclophosphamide, triethylene melamine, ibenzmethyzine, 6-mercaptopurine, amethopterin, actinomycin C, vinblastine, podophyllin derivative and prednisolon for 10–14 days. Immediately after treatment and 10–28 days later bone marrow smears and imprints of the spleen and the cervical lymphnodes of the animals were performed and compared to controls. The lymphatic tissues were damaged by all these drugs, the granulopoiesis by all substances exept by amethopterin and prednisolone, the erythropoiesis, however, only by TEM, actinomycin C, vinblastine and by large doses of amethopterin. Treatment with ibenzmethyzin, prednisolone and small doses of amethopterin was followed by an increase of erythropoietic cells. In the recovery phase after treatment an increase of the previously damaged cell populations sometimes above the normal level occured. This was most evident in erythropoiesis and less marked in lymphopoiesis. The incubation with3H-thymidine,3H-cytidine and3H-leucine of lymphnodes immediately exstirpated after the 10–14 days treatment showed normal or only moderately reduced DNA-, RNA- and protein synthesis by the surviving lymphnode cells. This may be explained by resistance to the applied cytostatic agent or at least by partial resistance of the surviving cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Cytostatic Agents ; Leukopenia ; Lymphocytes ; Monocytes ; Granulocytes ; Cytostatika ; Leukopenie ; Lymphocyten ; Monocyten ; Granulocyten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Meerschweinchen wurden 10–13 Tage mit mittelgradig toxischen Dosen der Cytostatika Cyclophosphamid, Triäthylenmelamin, Ibenzmethyzin, 6-Merkaptopurin, Amethopterin, Actinomycin C, Vinblastin und Podophyllinsäureäthylhydrazid sowie der zelltoxischen Antiphlogistika Prednisolon und Phenylbutazon behandelt. Während oder unmittelbar nach Behandlung mit diesen Substanzen trat eine Leukopenie auf. In der Behandlungsperiode und in der 10–18 Tage dauernden Erholungsphase wurde an Hand der Zählung und Differenzierung der Blutleukocyten die Entwicklung und Art sowie die Rückbildung der Leukopenie untersucht. DieGranulocyten wurden nur durch Cyclophosphamid, Triäthylenmelamin, 6-Merkaptopurin und Ibenzmethyzin deutlich vermindert, dieMonocyten außer durch diese drei Substanzen auch durch Podophyllinsäurehydrazid. Die Gruppe derBlutlymphocyten wurde dagegen durch alle untersuchten Substanzen reduziert. Am empfindlichsten waren die hellplasmatischen Lymphocyten, besonders die kleinen. Sie wurden regelmäßig betroffen, sanken am frühesten ab und erreichten am spätesten wieder ihren Ausgangswert. Demgegenüber zeigten die basophil-plasmatischen Lymphocyten, besonders die größeren Formen, nur geringe Veränderungen und erreichten ihren Ausgangswert nach Behandlung früher als die anderen Leukocyten. Aus diesen Befunden ergeben sich einige Kriterien zur Beurteilung einer cytostatisch bedingten Leukopenie und Hinweise auf die Regenerationskapazität der verschiedenen Leukocytenpopulationen.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs were treated for 10–13 days with moderately toxic doses of the cytostatic agents cyclophosphamide, triethylene melamine, ibenzmethyzin, 6-mercaptopurine, actinomycin C, vinblastine and podophyllin derivative and with similarly toxic doses of the anti-inflammatory drugs prednisolone and phenylbutazone. During or after treatment a varying degree of leukopenia was observed. The nature, development and recompensation of the leukopenia was studied. Granulocytes were markedly reduced only by cyclophosphamide, triethylene melamine, 6-mercaptopurine and ibenzmethyzin, monocytes, in addition, by podophyllin derivative. The group of lymphatic blood cells, however, was reduced by all tested drugs. Lymphocytes with a light cytoplasm, particularly the small forms, were most sensitive. In contrast to this lymphocytes with a basophilic cytoplasm, particularly the larger forms, showed only minor alterations and a more rapid recovery than the other leukocytes after treatment. These findings offer some new aspects for the interpretation of induced leukopenia and for the estimation of the regenerative capacity of different leukocyte populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lymphocyte production by mesenteric lymph nodes of normal young pigs was studied by intranodal injections of either tritiated thymidine or tritiated deoxycytidine as DNA precursors. One or two days after selective labeling of the mesenteric lymph nodes the relative and absolute number of lymphocytes derived from mesenteric lymph nodes were determined autoradiographically in the following organs: mesenteric, cervical and inguinal lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, peyer'spatches, tonsil, different regions of the gut, lung and liver. The overall cell production of mesenteric lymph nodes, as derived from the sum of all labeled cells one day after labeling, was estimated to be about 7 × 109 lymphocytes. Up to 40% of all newly formed lymphocytes had already left the lymph nodes within one day and were found in all organs studied. There was a preferential homing to the mucosa of the small intestine, but a considerable number migratedto the spleen and even to the thymus and bone marrow. In lymphoid organs all labeled cells were small and medium-sized lymphocytes one and two days after labeling. In cervical lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and peyer's patches the relative distribution to T and B cell areas was determined. There was an obvious preference of newly formed lymph node cells to home to T cell areas. The differences of labeling between thymidine or deoxycytidine were surprisingly low.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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