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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine Gene Expression During Infeetion of Miee Lacking CD4 and/or CD8 with Trypanosoma cruzi (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 41 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The expression of lymphokine genes during infection of virulent (Tulahuén) or mild (CA-I) strains of T. cruzi was studied in mice lacking CD4 and/or CD8 molecules. The increased susceptibility of CD4− and CD4−CD8− mice to infection with CA-I or Tuiahuen was parallelled by diminished IFN-γmRNA levels. Nitric oxide release and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA accumulation by cells from Tulahuen infected CD4− mice was also diminished. CD8− (but not CD4−CD8− mice) showed an increased IL-4 and IL-10mRNA accumulation upon infection with both strains of T. cruzi. A Th2-like’ response (higher IL-4 and IL-10mRNA to IFN-γmRNA ratio), was also observed when cells from non-infected CD8- mice were stimulated with T cell mitogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03549.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Cruzipain, the Major Cysteine Proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi and its C-Terminal Extension in Biological Fluids During Experimental Infection in Mice (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 44 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for unique epitopes of the catalytic domain of cruzipain (Crz) were used to develop a two-site sandwich ELISA specific for native Crz. In addition, the authors developed a sandwich ELISA that allowed the detection of the protease C-terminal domain (CT) using a combination of a MoAb specific for the CT and rabbit anti-Crz IgGs. Both assays were sensitive with detection limits of 2 ng/ml and 0.7 ng/ml, respectively. The assays were assessed for applicability in detection of antigens in serum and urine from experimentally infected BALB/c mice. The antigens were already detectable in serum by the third week after infection, reached their peak by week four, and decreased during the chronic phase of the infection. Throughout the infection the relative amount of CT detected was several-fold higher than that of native Crz, and the data demonstrate that the cT exposes highly immunogenic epitopes that are absent in native Crz. Since these observations have a potential application in diagnosis, the authors analysed the degree of cross-reactivity with antigens from T.  rangeliT. bruceiLeishmania mexicana and L. panamensis, and determined that the assays were highly specific. Measurable amounts of the CT were also recorded in urine samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-290.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ-Specific Regulation of Interferon-γ, Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-2 Receptor during Murine Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 37 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have studied the expression of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) at the mRNA and protein levels in spleen and lymph node cells from Trypanosoma crizi-infected BALB/c mice. At 21 days post infection (dpi) (peak of parasitaemia), spleen cells stimulated with Con A for 16 h showed a reduced IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-2R mRNA production compared with non-infected controls. Lymph node cells obtained at 4, 21 or 60 dpi produced similar amounts of IFN-γ, IL-2 or IL-2R transcripts after mitogen stimulation as uninfected controls.Spleen cells obtained at 21 dpi showed a lower Con A proliferative response and IL-2R expression compared with non-infected controls, while the proliferation and IL-2R expression of lymph node cells at 21 dpi was unaltered. Supernatantsfrom 48 h Con A-stimulated spleen and lymph node cells from mice at 21 dpi had very low levels of IL-2 but contained significantly higher levels of IFN-γ compared with the supernatants of cells from non-infected mice. The latter phenomenon correlates with an accelerated rate of IFN-γ mRNA accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb02572.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment Mutations in the Mouse Which Also Affect Lysosomal Functions Lead to Suppressed Natural Killer Cell Activity (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 15 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The impact of five pigment mutations in the mouse on natural killer (NK) activity was examined in inbred strains congenic for the respective mutation. Whereas the nature of pigmentation disorder was similar in the five mutant strains (beige, pallid, reduced pigmentation, pale ear, and sepia), all mutations except sepia also led to a significant change in lysosomal enzyme activities in the kidney. A significant reduction in NK activity was observed in the four strains with lysosomal impact, whereas homozygous sepia mice displayed normal NK activity. The pigment mutations analysed are located on different chromosomes and fail to cross-interact negatively with each other in the heterozygous mice. This would indicate that pigment mutations with a parallel impact on lysosomal enzyme activities probably always result in a reduction in natural killer cell activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00653.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the Mechanism for in Vitro Activation of Mouse NK Cells by Interferon (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 12 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The enhancement of the lytic capacity of mouse splenic ‘natural killer’ (NK) cells by interferon has been studied in vitro as a model for NK cell differentiation from inactive immediate precursors. We show that the increased cytotoxicity is a function of interferon concentration, and that two stages in the NK cell differentiation pathway can be distinguished. The first, very brief, can he performed at 0°C and without protein synthesis and probably corresponds to the fixation of interferon on its cell surface receptors. The second, resulting from the inductive signal given by interferon, proceeds for several hours and requires both RNA and protein synthesis. Our results also indicate that target cells for interferon-induced cytotoxicity are cells for interferon-induced cytotoxicity arc cells with ‘null’ characteristics, similar to the mature NK cells. Finally, they suggest that no soluble Intermediary factor other than interferon is involved in the enhancing of NK cell cytotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00040.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Rapid Method for the Separation of Functional Lymphoid Cell Populations of Human and Animal Origin on PVP-Silica (Percoll) Density Gradients (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 10 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Subclasses of lymphocytes can be separated on gradients of non-toxic polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated colloidal silica (Percoll) by virtue of differential densities. Such gradients can yield functionally active lymphocyte populations after brief centrifugation. Gradients can he generated in a discontinuous step fashion and centrifuged in standard table-top laboratory centrifuges or as self-generating gradients duriny ultracentrifugation. The density medium has low viscosity and can be made isotonic for virtually any use. Gradients have proved useful in both human and experimental animal studies, and high percentage yields allow for separations from small cell numbers. Methods are described for separation of whole blood and lymphotd subpopulations. including blasts stimulated with mitogens or in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The cytotoxic capability of various density fractions was evaluated for mixed lymphocyte culture-induced allogeneic killing and spontaneous, so-called ‘natural’ killer cell activity. The lower density associated with blast transformation allows for significant enrichments of stimulated cells from in vitro cultures. Higher thymidine incorporation, restimulation in mixed lymphocyte reactions, and greater cytotoxic capacity are associated with these‘blast’fractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb01391.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine Production in Hearts of Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected CBA Mice: Do Cytokine Patterns in Chronic Stage Reflect the Establishment of Myocardial Pathology? (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 44 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The authors analysed cytokine production in hearts of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected CBA-J mice by in situ immunocytochemical staining. Cellular infiltrates were recorded in hearts from both acute and chronic stages, but were not apparent in control hearts. In the acute heart, CD8 cells predominated, with associated production of IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α. Cytokine production was characterized by IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and TNF-α in the chronic heart, and numbers of CD4 and CD8 cells were more equal. At this stage, calcified infarctions and associated fibrosis were apparent, mimicking chronic human Chagas' heart pathology. The authors consider the CBA mouse an appropriate model of chronic T. cruzi infection, and suggest that local cytokine production reflects establishment of heart pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-328.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental Infection of Balb/c Mice with Leishmania panamensis and Leishmania mexicana: Induction of Early IFN-γ but not IL-4 is Associated with the Development of Cutaneous Lesions (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Resistance to the Leishmaniae is associated with interferon (IFN)-γ mediated activation of macrophages. In this study, Balb/c mice were infected with three Leishmania strains that cause progressively growing cutaneous lesions without obvious dissemination; L. mexicana mexicana giving rise to rapidly growing lesions, and L. (Viannia) panamensis and L. mexicana-like, which both cause slowly developing lesions. The rate of lesion growth was compared to induction of early local and systemic IFN-γ responses. All the three parasite strains induced increased levels of IFN-γ transcripts 24 h after infection. Infection with the more aggressive strain resulted in a notably lower IFN-γ response when compared to infection with the two low pathogenic strains. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA appeared 7 days after infection with L. (Viannia) panamensis and L. mexicana-like but not with L. mexicana mexicana. Thus, virulence of these Leishmania strains could not be associated with induction of IL-4 during the first week after infection. In addition, none of the Leishmania strains induced detectable mRNA for IL-12 or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These data present a picture somewhat different from that which has been described in L. major experimental infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-96.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Severe Suppression of the B-cell System has No Impact on the Maturation of Natural Killer Cells in Mice (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 9 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice were treated with a heterologous anti-IgM serum to obtain B-cell-deprived mice. Spleen cells from normal and B-cell-deprived mice were tested in three different cytolytic systems: natural killer cells (NK); antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) against an NIC-sensitive tumour, P815; and ADCC against chicken erythrocytes. The impact of administration of an interferon-inducing NK enhancing agent, Tilorone, was also investigated. Whereas the cell population from B-cell-deprived mice was significantly suppressed in antibody-producing cells, the capacity to function in NK or ADCC was largely unimpaired both before and after administration of Tilorone. Our results would imply that mature B cells play no significant role in either the maturation of the NK cells or the expression of their cytolytic ability. Furthermore, effector cells for both NK and ADCC against antibody-coated tumour target cells were found to be distinct from those functioning in ADCC against chicken erythrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb02719.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoparasitological Studies of Trypanosoma Cruzi Low Virulence Clones from Panama: Humoral Immune Responses and Antigenic Cross-Reactions with Trypanosoma Rangeli in Experimentally Infected Mice (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 42 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The kinetics of humoral immune responses were investigated in mice experimentally infected with five clones of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from different sources in Panama. Sera were collected at different timepoints post-infection. ELISA and IHA tests were used to detect antibodies against T. cruzi epimastigote antigens. The levels of T. cruzi specific antibodies increased during the course of infection; at day 90 post-infection the range was between 1:5120 and 1: 10240. A high correlation was evident between ELISA and IHA results. Western blots revealed that these antibodies recognized polypeptides of 81, 76 and 71 KDa during the first weeks and 81, 76, 71, 50, 40, 28 and 12 KDa after 30–50 days. Only minor differences in antigen recognition patterns were demonstrated, suggesting that the major antigens may be represented in all clones. T. rangeli antigens were also recognized by T. cruzi seropositive sera. However, an ELISA test using antigens isolated from a genomic expression library of T. cruzi revealed that a hyperimmune rabbit serum against T. rangeli was unable to recognize the repeat sequence of SAPA (Shed Acute Phase Antigen) peptides but did recognize a number of other T. cruzi synthetic peptide antigens. The importance of these findings, in the context of Chagas' disease, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03707.x
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