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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Cruzipain, the Major Cysteine Proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi and its C-Terminal Extension in Biological Fluids During Experimental Infection in Mice (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 44 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for unique epitopes of the catalytic domain of cruzipain (Crz) were used to develop a two-site sandwich ELISA specific for native Crz. In addition, the authors developed a sandwich ELISA that allowed the detection of the protease C-terminal domain (CT) using a combination of a MoAb specific for the CT and rabbit anti-Crz IgGs. Both assays were sensitive with detection limits of 2 ng/ml and 0.7 ng/ml, respectively. The assays were assessed for applicability in detection of antigens in serum and urine from experimentally infected BALB/c mice. The antigens were already detectable in serum by the third week after infection, reached their peak by week four, and decreased during the chronic phase of the infection. Throughout the infection the relative amount of CT detected was several-fold higher than that of native Crz, and the data demonstrate that the cT exposes highly immunogenic epitopes that are absent in native Crz. Since these observations have a potential application in diagnosis, the authors analysed the degree of cross-reactivity with antigens from T.  rangeliT. bruceiLeishmania mexicana and L. panamensis, and determined that the assays were highly specific. Measurable amounts of the CT were also recorded in urine samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-290.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decreased Natural Killer (NK) Susceptibility of Human NK Target Cells after Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C Treatment (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) treatment of the human natural killer (NK) target cells Molt-4, Jurkat, and U937 reduced their susceptibility to killing by human NK cells in a dose-dependent fashion. This indicates that a cell surface Structure, anchored by a glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol (G-P1) moiety, is important in NK cytotoxicity. In contrast, another common NK target cell line, K562, remained susceptible to NK killing after enzyme treatment, suggesting that distinct target structures are expressed by this cell line. PI-PLC treatment of Molt-4 cells also reduced their sensitivity to human lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells, suggesting that NK and LAK cells share common specificity in the killing of Molt-4. In contrast, PI-PLC had no effect on the killing of the LAK target cell line. Daudi, which is only weakly sensitive to unactivated NK cells. Killing of a variety of murine target cells by murine NK cells was not affected by PI-PLC treatment, but cross-species killing of Molt-4 by murine NK cells was inhibited by PI-PLC, suggesting a common mechanism in the killing of this human target cell line. The PI-PLC treatment of effector cells from either species did not reduce their NK activity. The reduction in sensitivity of the Molt-4, Jurkat, and U937 target cells probably results from a loss of a target specific G-PI linked membrane molecule, but other possible explanations for these results are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01102.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental Infection of Balb/c Mice with Leishmania panamensis and Leishmania mexicana: Induction of Early IFN-γ but not IL-4 is Associated with the Development of Cutaneous Lesions (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Resistance to the Leishmaniae is associated with interferon (IFN)-γ mediated activation of macrophages. In this study, Balb/c mice were infected with three Leishmania strains that cause progressively growing cutaneous lesions without obvious dissemination; L. mexicana mexicana giving rise to rapidly growing lesions, and L. (Viannia) panamensis and L. mexicana-like, which both cause slowly developing lesions. The rate of lesion growth was compared to induction of early local and systemic IFN-γ responses. All the three parasite strains induced increased levels of IFN-γ transcripts 24 h after infection. Infection with the more aggressive strain resulted in a notably lower IFN-γ response when compared to infection with the two low pathogenic strains. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA appeared 7 days after infection with L. (Viannia) panamensis and L. mexicana-like but not with L. mexicana mexicana. Thus, virulence of these Leishmania strains could not be associated with induction of IL-4 during the first week after infection. In addition, none of the Leishmania strains induced detectable mRNA for IL-12 or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These data present a picture somewhat different from that which has been described in L. major experimental infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-96.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Severe Suppression of the B-cell System has No Impact on the Maturation of Natural Killer Cells in Mice (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 9 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice were treated with a heterologous anti-IgM serum to obtain B-cell-deprived mice. Spleen cells from normal and B-cell-deprived mice were tested in three different cytolytic systems: natural killer cells (NK); antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC) against an NIC-sensitive tumour, P815; and ADCC against chicken erythrocytes. The impact of administration of an interferon-inducing NK enhancing agent, Tilorone, was also investigated. Whereas the cell population from B-cell-deprived mice was significantly suppressed in antibody-producing cells, the capacity to function in NK or ADCC was largely unimpaired both before and after administration of Tilorone. Our results would imply that mature B cells play no significant role in either the maturation of the NK cells or the expression of their cytolytic ability. Furthermore, effector cells for both NK and ADCC against antibody-coated tumour target cells were found to be distinct from those functioning in ADCC against chicken erythrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb02719.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine Gene Expression During Infeetion of Miee Lacking CD4 and/or CD8 with Trypanosoma cruzi (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 41 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The expression of lymphokine genes during infection of virulent (Tulahuén) or mild (CA-I) strains of T. cruzi was studied in mice lacking CD4 and/or CD8 molecules. The increased susceptibility of CD4− and CD4−CD8− mice to infection with CA-I or Tuiahuen was parallelled by diminished IFN-γmRNA levels. Nitric oxide release and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA accumulation by cells from Tulahuen infected CD4− mice was also diminished. CD8− (but not CD4−CD8− mice) showed an increased IL-4 and IL-10mRNA accumulation upon infection with both strains of T. cruzi. A Th2-like’ response (higher IL-4 and IL-10mRNA to IFN-γmRNA ratio), was also observed when cells from non-infected CD8- mice were stimulated with T cell mitogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03549.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoparasitological Studies of Trypanosoma Cruzi Low Virulence Clones from Panama: Humoral Immune Responses and Antigenic Cross-Reactions with Trypanosoma Rangeli in Experimentally Infected Mice (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 42 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The kinetics of humoral immune responses were investigated in mice experimentally infected with five clones of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from different sources in Panama. Sera were collected at different timepoints post-infection. ELISA and IHA tests were used to detect antibodies against T. cruzi epimastigote antigens. The levels of T. cruzi specific antibodies increased during the course of infection; at day 90 post-infection the range was between 1:5120 and 1: 10240. A high correlation was evident between ELISA and IHA results. Western blots revealed that these antibodies recognized polypeptides of 81, 76 and 71 KDa during the first weeks and 81, 76, 71, 50, 40, 28 and 12 KDa after 30–50 days. Only minor differences in antigen recognition patterns were demonstrated, suggesting that the major antigens may be represented in all clones. T. rangeli antigens were also recognized by T. cruzi seropositive sera. However, an ELISA test using antigens isolated from a genomic expression library of T. cruzi revealed that a hyperimmune rabbit serum against T. rangeli was unable to recognize the repeat sequence of SAPA (Shed Acute Phase Antigen) peptides but did recognize a number of other T. cruzi synthetic peptide antigens. The importance of these findings, in the context of Chagas' disease, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03707.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ-Specific Regulation of Interferon-γ, Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-2 Receptor during Murine Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 37 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have studied the expression of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) at the mRNA and protein levels in spleen and lymph node cells from Trypanosoma crizi-infected BALB/c mice. At 21 days post infection (dpi) (peak of parasitaemia), spleen cells stimulated with Con A for 16 h showed a reduced IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-2R mRNA production compared with non-infected controls. Lymph node cells obtained at 4, 21 or 60 dpi produced similar amounts of IFN-γ, IL-2 or IL-2R transcripts after mitogen stimulation as uninfected controls.Spleen cells obtained at 21 dpi showed a lower Con A proliferative response and IL-2R expression compared with non-infected controls, while the proliferation and IL-2R expression of lymph node cells at 21 dpi was unaltered. Supernatantsfrom 48 h Con A-stimulated spleen and lymph node cells from mice at 21 dpi had very low levels of IL-2 but contained significantly higher levels of IFN-γ compared with the supernatants of cells from non-infected mice. The latter phenomenon correlates with an accelerated rate of IFN-γ mRNA accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb02572.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of 90Sr on Mouse Natural Killer Cells and their Regulation by Alpha Interferon and Interleukin 2 (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 31 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Male CBA/SU mice were exposed to ionizing radiation by intraperitoneal injection of the boneseekiag β-emitter 90Sr, NK-cell lytic activities in spleen, peripheral blood, and lymph nodes were severely depressed or completely abolished. In contrast, production of the NK regulatory proteins alpha interferon (IFN-x) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) was normal 5–8 weeks after 90Sr injection. IFN-x, produced in vivo or in vitro by cells from injected mice, was able to enhance strongly NK lytic activities. These data indicate that 90Sr acts on the bone marrow, where it interferes with ihe maturation and seeding of NK precursor cells. The mechanisms regulating NK activities in peripheral organs remained relatively unchanged. Finally, we did not detect any major organ redistribution of NK cells as a result of 90Sr irradiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02808.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of T Helper/Inducer Cells as well as Natural Killer Cells in Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 28 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: T lymphocytes provide a major line of defence against many protozoan parasites. The aim of this work was to determine the role of T-cell helper/inducer subset (T h/i) in the resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi in a murine model. The imponatance of natural killer (NK) cells in the resistance to the parasite was also evaluated. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were injected with either monoclonal antibodies against L3T4, Thy 1.2, NK1.1, or with a polyclonal rabbit antiserum against NK cells (anti-asialo GM-1). The effect of in vivo administration of these antibodies was tested in separate functional assays. Alter antibody treatment, mice were infected with a low dose of T. cruzi in the bloodstream form. Mice depleted of, or reduced in T, T h/i, or NK cell activity all developed higher parasitaemia and had higher mortality than their control counterparts. Mice injected with anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibodies were unable to generate a specific antibody response to the parasite. Treatment of mice with alpha/beta interferon, which is known to boost NK cell activity, resulted in an enhanced resistance to the parasite. Our data indicate that T h/i cells as well as NK cells are of vital importance in controlling parasitaemia and reducing mortality in T. crazi-infected mice. Finally, We also demonstrate that the production of antibodies specific for T. cruzi is strictly T helper cell dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01489.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment Mutations in the Mouse Which Also Affect Lysosomal Functions Lead to Suppressed Natural Killer Cell Activity (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 15 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The impact of five pigment mutations in the mouse on natural killer (NK) activity was examined in inbred strains congenic for the respective mutation. Whereas the nature of pigmentation disorder was similar in the five mutant strains (beige, pallid, reduced pigmentation, pale ear, and sepia), all mutations except sepia also led to a significant change in lysosomal enzyme activities in the kidney. A significant reduction in NK activity was observed in the four strains with lysosomal impact, whereas homozygous sepia mice displayed normal NK activity. The pigment mutations analysed are located on different chromosomes and fail to cross-interact negatively with each other in the heterozygous mice. This would indicate that pigment mutations with a parallel impact on lysosomal enzyme activities probably always result in a reduction in natural killer cell activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00653.x
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