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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors associated with maternal mortality in rural Guinea-Bissau. A longitudinal population-based study (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 109 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To assess demographic and obstetric risk factors for pregnancy-related death in a multiethnic rural population in a developing country.Design A prospective survey of women in the fertile age-range.Setting Rural Guinea-Bissau.Population More than 15,000 women living in 100 clusters were visited at six-monthly intervals over a period of more than six years. A total of 10,931 pregnancies were registered prospectively; 85 of these pregnancies resulted in maternal or late maternal death.Main outcome measure Maternal mortality ratio.Method In the rural areas of Guinea-Bissau, we conducted a prospective survey of women in the fertile age range. More than 15,000 women living in 100 clusters were visited at 6-monthly intervals over a period of more than six years. An analysis of demographic, environmental and obstetric risk factors for maternal death was performed based on 10,931 prospectively registered pregnancies; 85 of these pregnancies resulted in maternal or late maternal death.Results In the adjusted model maternal mortality ratio increased with increasing distance from the regional hospital (OR〉25 km= 7.4 [95% CI: 1.6–132]). Multiple pregnancy was found to increase the risk of maternal death (OR = 3.4 [95% CI: 1.3–7.5]). The risk of subsequent maternal death was increased if the fetus was stillborn (OR = 5.3 [95% CI: 2.8–9.4]). Women living in the region of Gabu had higher mortality than those living in Biombo (OR = 2.5 [95% CI: 1.3–5.1]). No category of age or parity were associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality. Predictive values did not exceed 3% for any of the significant risk factors.Conclusions For the purpose of reducing maternal mortality, the screening approach of antenatal care is of limited value. Age and parity should not be used routinely as selection criteria for transfer of otherwise healthy pregnant women to higher-level health institutions. Twin pregnancy seems to be the only operational risk factor identified in this study. Stillbirth is associated with an increased risk of maternal death. Regional differences must be studied further. The distance to emergency obstetric care (EOC) may determine the outcome of a complicated delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01259.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of T Cell Subsets by an Immunocytochemical Method Compared to Flow Cytometry in Four Countries (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 45 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The authors tested an alternative method for CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes enumeration, the immunoalkaline phosphatase method (IA), in three African countries and in Denmark. The IA determinations from 136 HIV antibody positive and 105 HIV antibody negative individuals were compared to the corresponding results obtained by flow cytometry (FC) performed in the respective countries. The authors found good correspondence between the two methods for measurements of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes independent of serological status and geographical site. However, the CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte values obtained by the two methods are not interchangeable as IA compared to FC consistently gives higher percentage of CD4 T lymphocytes, and lower percentages of CD8 T lymphocytes. Mean differences between the two methods did not differ between the three African countries indicating that the IA method provides systematic results. Replicate measurements suggested good correspondence between results obtained by IA. By using an IA level of 〈 300 CD4 T lymphocytes/μl, the sensitivity was 81% and specificity 96% for detecting an FC level of 〈 200 CD4 T lymphocytes/μl. Using an IA level of 〈 20% CD4 T lymphocytes, the sensitivity was 89% and specificity 95% for detecting an FC level of 〈14% CD4 T lymphocytes, The FC and IA methods had the same internal correspondence between low absolute CD4 T cell counts and low CD4 percentages; the sensitivity and specificity for detecting a low absolute CD4 T cell count with a low CD4 percentage was 92% and 68% for FC and 91% and 73% for IA, respectively. The IA method is 10-fold cheaper than FC, is independent of advanced laboratory facilities, and does not need immediate processing of samples as blood smears can be stored for long periods. The IA method is therefore suitable for use in areas with limited resources and laboratory facilities where there is a need for immunological surveillance in hospital or community studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-440.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thymus size and head circumference at birth and the development of allergic diseases (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The positive association between a large head circumference at birth and total serum IgE levels has been suggested to be due to negative associations between head circumference at birth and thymus development and between thymus development and total serum IgE levels.Objectives To examine the associations between head circumference and thymus size at birth and the development of allergic disease.Methods The size of the thymus was assessed by sonography during the first week of life in 149 healthy term infants. Information on birth characteristics and mode of delivery was collected at delivery. The presence of allergic disease was assessed 5 years later by mailed questionnaires, which were returned by 85% of the eligible families.Results At birth, head circumference was positively associated with thymus size (P 〈 0.001). In all, 27 (23%) of the children had developed at least one allergic disease. Multivariate analysis revealed that both parental allergy (Prevalence Ratio and 95% CI) = 3.18 (1.49–6.78)) and caesarean delivery (2.62 (1.48–4.64)) were independently correlated with allergic disease, whereas thymus size was not.Conclusions Our study does not support that a large head circumference is associated with a small thymus size, nor that a small thymus size is associated with allergic disease. Whether thymus size at birth is related to total serum IgE levels still remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01128.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measles and atopy – rash on rash? (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056008800.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An epidemic in the field? Rapid assessment procedures and health research
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Social Science & Medicine 35 (1992), S. 839-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 0277-9536
    Keywords: operations research ; qualitative health research ; rapid assessment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0277-9536(92)90098-B
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trials of Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau: serological responses following vaccination with Edmonston-Zagreb strain at 4-8 months versus vaccination with Schwarz strain at 9-12 months of age
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Vaccine 12 (1994), S. 1026-1031 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-410X
    Keywords: Measles ; age at vaccination ; antibody response ; dosage ; virus strain
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(94)90340-9
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption, effectiveness and side effects of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin preparations (Leo®) (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Porcine insulin ; NPH-insulin ; absorption ; time course ; porcine proinsulin ; purified insulin ; regular insulin ; hypoglycaemic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical characteristics of highly purified porcine NPH-insulin (Insulin Retard RI®) were investigated, including absorption from the subcutaneous tissue, blood glucose-lowering effect, stability of mixtures of NPH and regular insulin and measurement of circulating porcine proinsulin and insulin antibodies in diabetics. The absorption of NPH-insulin followed first order kinetics. The half time was 6.9±2.6 h, with an intraindividual coefficient of variation of 26% and an interindividual coefficient of variation of 55%. After 24 h 90% of the injected insulin had disappeared from the subcutaneous tissue. The plasma insulin concentration was maximal 4–5 h after the injection and 24 h after the injection it was not significantly higher than before the injection. The blood glucose-lowering effect was significant 2.5 h after subcutaneous injection of NPH-insulin and was maximal after 5.5 h. The blood glucose-lowering effect of a pre-prepared mixture of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin was not significantly different from the effect of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin injected separately, which indicates the stability of mixtures of NPH and Regular insulin. Porcine proinsulin disappeared from the serum of patients switched to treatment with highly purified porcine NPH insulin and the insulin antibody titer fell. It was concluded that insulin Retard RI® has a well-defined, reproducible effect with a clinically useful time course.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607442
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