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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent exposure in a shoe upper factory (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 355-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Shoe upper factory ; Methylcyclopentane ; 2-methylpentane ; 3-methylpentane ; Blood ; Alveolar air ; Lung uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a group of workers employed in a shoe upper factory, the concentrations of n-hexane, acetone, methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane were measured in environmental air, alveolar air and in blood. The data of methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane determination, as for n-hexane and acetone reported elsewhere, showed that alveolar and blood monitoring can replace environmental monitoring of solvents. In fact, it was found that alveolar and blood concentration, and lung uptake were correlated with environmental concentration of methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377791
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomonitoring of industrial solvent exposures in workers' alveolar air (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 47 (1980), S. 245-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Solvent ; Biomonitoring ; Alveolar air ; Industrial exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten different solvents, viz., toluene, styrene, methylethyl ketone, acetone, dimethylformamide, cyclohexane, n-hexane, methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane were determined in environmental air and in the alveolar air of workers during the work shift. As regards all ten solvents studied, alveolar concentration (Ca) and the difference between environmental concentration (CO and alveolar concentration (Ci - Ca), were correlated with environmental concentration. According to the slopes of the regression lines, the ratio between alveolar and environmental concentration (Ca/Ci) and the alveolar retention ((Ci - Ca)/Ci) in the case of all ten solvents studied were complementary, i.e., their sum was equal to unity. The solvents with high solubility in blood, i.e., toluene, styrene, methylethyl ketone, acetone, and dimethylformamide showed a Ca/Ci ratio lower than 0.5 and the solvents with low solubility, i.e., cyclohexane, hexane, and their isomers showed a Ca/Ci ratio higher than 0.5. According to the findings which prove that the alveolar concentration of all solvents studied during the work shift is a function of variations in the environmental concentrations it seems reasonable to suggest the use of alveolar tests for monitoring environmental exposure to solvents during the work shift.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381682
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of reference values in occupational health (1999)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 72 (1999), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050361
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomonitoring of occupational toluene exposure (1982)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 50 (1982), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Blood ; Alveolar air ; Urine metabolites ; o-Cresol ; Accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Toluene exposure was studied in 20 workers employed in painting and hand-finishing in an art furniture factory. Toluene was determined in the environmental air of places of work and in the alveolar air and blood of the workers. Hippuric acid and cresols were also tested in the workers' urine. Blood and urine tests were carried out before the work shift on Monday and Friday morning and at the end of the work shift on Friday afternoon. The other tests were performed on Friday afternoon only. Alveolar toluene concentrations, which were significantly correlated with environmental toluene concentrations (r= 0.6230; P 〈 0.01), corresponded to 19.4% of the toluene concentration in the atmosphere. Blood toluene was also found in painters on Monday morning and was significantly correlated with the other parameters. On Friday afternoon it was three times higher than the environmental toluene concentration. Urinary o-Cresol was highly correlated with toluene in the atmosphere, in blood and with hippuric acid in urine. On the basis of the slope of the regression line the ratio between urinary o-Cresol and blood toluene concentration was 0.99. At the end of the work shift urinary hippuric acid concentration was highly correlated with o-Cresoluria and with toluene in blood and in the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378077
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic interferences in subjects occupationally exposed to binary styrene-acetone mixtures (1998)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 71 (1998), S. 445-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Mandelic acid ; Phenylglycoxylic acid ; Styrene-acetone coexposure ; Metabolic interferences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate the excretion of styrene metabolites (mandelic acid, MA, and phenylglyoxylic acid, PGA) in workers employed in plastic manufacturing to verify the possible influence of coexposure to acetone on styrene metabolism. Methods: This study was carried out on 50 workers employed in 3 factories producing polyester buttons. The workers were divided into three groups according to three different levels of acetone exposure. The trend of excretion for metabolites was examined during and after work shifts. Styrene and acetone were monitored on Thursday during the entire work shift by passive dosimeters placed on the lapel of the workers' uniforms, desorbed by carbon disulfide, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Biological monitoring was performed by determination of the urinary metabolites of styrene in urine samples collected on Thursday at the middle and the end of the work shift. MA and PGA were determined by a high-pressure liquid chromatographic method. Results: The styrene concentrations ranged between 16 and 439 mg/m3, and in ten samples they exceeded the TLV-TWA (213 mg/m3). The acetone concentration ranged between 15 and 700 mg/m3 (TLV-TWA 1780 mg/m3), with the mean value being 208 mg/m3. During cleaning operations higher exposures to acetone demonstrated, with concentrations ranging between 500 and 3400 mg/m3. The amounts of MA and PGA determined at the end of workshifts did not significantly differ between the groups with different levels of acetone coexposure. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the groups confirmed that MA and PGA excretion did not significantly differ, although the metabolite values measured on the “morning of the day after” appeared higher in those groups with high levels of acetone exposure and were related to the average airborne concentrations of the solvent. In addition, the range and degree of correlation between styrene in air and biological levels of metabolites were modified by coexposure to acetone. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that amounts of MA and PGA did not differ in groups with different levels of acetone exposure, but when the acetone air concentration increased the degree of correlation between styrene and MA and PGA decreased. Furthermore, coexposure to acetone levels similar to those described herein may hamper the use of urinary metabolites for the assessment of exposure to styrene, especially on an individual basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050304
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity of the Italian Society of Reference Values (1999)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 72 (1999), S. 268-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050371
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent exposure in a shoe upper factory (1978)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1978), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Shoe upper factory ; n-Hexane ; Acetone ; Alveolar air ; Blood ; Lung uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetone and n-Hexane concentrations were determined in the environmental air of a shoe upper factory and in the alveolar air and venous blood of the workers employed. The ratio between alveolar and environmental n-hexane concentration (Ca/Ci) was found to be steady during the 4.5 hours of exposure studied, and independent of alveolar ventilation and n-hexane environmental concentration. Lung uptake per minute was correlated with environmental concentration. In the case of acetone the Ca/Ci ratio was found to increase with exposure time, but to be independent of alveolar ventilation and environmental acetone concentration. A correlation was still found between lung uptake and environmental acetone concentration. The correlation found between Ca and Ci suggests the hypothesis that occupational exposure can be studied by testing the alveolar air concentration of individual exposed workers in the case of hexane. Since in the case of acetone the Ca/Ci ratio increases with exposure time, it is necessary to know the time of exposure in order to estimate environmental exposure from alveolar acetone concentration. Blood concentration was correlated with environmental and alveolar concentration in the case of hexane, correlated with alveolar concentration in the case of acetone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385711
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decline of blood and alveolar toluene concentration following two accidental human poisonings (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 53 (1983), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Blood ; Alveolar air ; Desaturation ; Poisoning ; Hippuric acid ; o-Cresol ; Half-life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In two workers admitted to hospital because of a coma due to an accidental occupational exposure to a mixture of solvents, the level of toluene was respectively 823–1122 μg/1 in the blood and 53–38 μg/1 in the alveolar air on the second day of admission (36 h after the accidental exposure). On the fifth day, 112 h after exposure, the toluene level was 120–45 μg/l in the blood and 3-1 μg/l in the alveolar air. The urinary excretion of o-cresol, calculated as a toluene equivalent, was 0.8–0.9 mg on the second day and 1.7–1.6 mg on the third day. Urinary hippuric acid, as a toluene equivalent, was 1.7–1.4 g on the second day and 1.3–0.7 g on the third day. A half-life of between 19 and 21 h was calculated for toluene both in the blood and in the alveolar air.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378428
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of lead on red blood cell membrane proteins (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1988), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead ; Membrane proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of lead on red blood cell (RBC) membrane proteins were studied in two groups of workers with different lead exposure levels: Group 1 (6 subjects employed in a battery plant) with a mean blood lead of 40.1 (SD = 3.7) μg/100 ml; Group II(5 workers employed in different industries) with a mean blood lead of 60.6 (SD = 8.0) μg/100 ml, compared with a control group with mean blood lead of 15.6 (SD = 9.3) μg/100 ml. The analysis of RBC membrane polypeptides was carried out by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and by using a densitometer for percentage measurement of the bands corresponding to protein fractions. The results show a very significant decrease in Band 3 (anion channel) and 4.1 in more exposed workers (Group II) only. The effects of lead on RBC membrane proteins seem to be evident at blood-lead levels higher (〉 50 μg/100 ml) than those previously reported in literature. These results confirm the effects of lead on membrane proteins, even if the exact mechanism, particularly the influence of proteolysis and the meaning of the interference, still needs to be investigated thoroughly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381610
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