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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary excretion of n-hexane metabolites (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 50 (1982), S. 203-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: n-Hexane ; Biotransformation ; Urinary excretion ; Mammalian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to n-hexane, a component of many industrial solvent mixtures, is known to cause polyneuropathy in man. The concentration of metabolites in urine following exposure may be useful in biological monitoring. In a comparative study experimental animals (rat, rabbit and monkey) were subjected to single inhalatory treatments of 6, 12 and 24 h with 5,000 ppm of pure n-hexane. At the end of the treatments and at intervals thereafter, urine, and in rats also blood, were collected and analyzed for n-hexane and its metabolites. While the urine of rats contained 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, methyl n-butyl ketone, 2,5-dimethylfuran, γ-valerolactone and 2,5-hexanedione, rabbit and monkey urine were found to contain only 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, methyl n-butyl ketone and 2,5-hexanedione. Within 72 h of the end of exposure, the principal metabolite was 2,5-dimethylfuran in rats and 2-hexanol in rabbits and monkeys. In all three species the excretion rates of methyl n-butyl ketone, 3-hexanol and 2-hexanol peaked several hours earlier than 2,5-hexanedione (and γ-valerolactone and 2,5-dimethylfuran in rats). In all species 2,5-hexanedione was still detectable in urine 60 h following exposure. n-Hexane metabolites in rat blood were 2-hexanol, methyl-n-butyl ketone, 2,5-dimethylfuran and 2,5-hexanedione. The first two, as well as n-hexane itself, were found in maximum concentration immediately after termination of exposure, while 2,5-dimethylfuran and 2,5-hexanedione, with the longer exposure times, peaked some hours later. The data from urine collected at the end of exposure were compared with those obtained in a parallel study in humans occupationally exposed to a mixture of hexane isomers. Humans chronically exposed to 10–140 ppm n-hexane had 2,5-hexanedione concentrations in urine ranging from 0.4 to 21.7 mg/l, i.e., in the same proportion as rats exposed once for 6 or 12 h to 5,000 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310852
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lung uptake and metabolism of cyclohexane in shoe factory workers (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 45 (1980), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Cyclohexane ; Lung uptake ; Metabolism ; Cyclohexanol ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclohexane in environmental air, alveolar air, and blood, and urinary cyclohexanol were determined in shoe factory workers occupationally exposed to cyclohexane. All the parameters studied correlated well with each other. The mean alveolar cyclohexane corresponded to 78% of the environmental cyclohexane. Blood cyclohexane corresponded to 53–78% of alveolar cyclohexane concentration. Urinary cyclohexanol corresponded to 0.1–0.2% of the cyclohexane absorbed. The results suggest that biological monitoring of cyclohexane via alveolar air and urine can be reliably used in the evaluation of occupational exposure. It is likely that the urinary cyclohexanol test, from the practical viewpoint, represents the simplest way of monitoring cyclohexane exposure in industrial plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380789
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrous oxide in blood and urine of operating theatre personnel and the general population (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 22-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Nitrous oxide ; Blood ; Urine ; Environment ; Theatre personnel ; General population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) was assayed in 676 urine samples and 101 blood samples provided after exposure by operating theatre personnel from nine hospitals. The blood and urine assays were repeated in 25 subjects 18 h after the end of exposure. For 80 subjects, environmental N2O was also measured during intraoperative exposure. Mean urinary N2O in the 676 subjects at the end of exposure was 40 μg/l (range 1–3805 μg/l); in 10 of the 676 subjects, urinary N2O was in the range 279–3805 μg/l (mean 1202 μ/l). The 98th percentile was 120 μg/l. Mean blood N2O at the end of exposure, measured in 101 subjects, was 21 μg/l (median 16 μg/l, range 1–75 μg/l). Blood and urine N2O (1.5 μg/l and 4.9 μg/l, respectively) in 25 subjects, 18 h after exposure, was significantly higher than in occupationally non-exposed subjects (blood 0.91 μg/l, urine 1 μg/l). Environmental exposure was significantly related to blood and urinary N2O (r = 0.59 andr = 0.64, respectively). Blood and urinary N2O were significantly related to each other (r = 0.71), and were equivalent to about 25% of the environmental exposure level. The mean urinary N2O of 1202 μg/l in 10/676 subjects was not related to environmental exposure in the operating theatre. The highest urinary N2O levels measured in these 10/676 subjects could be explained by an asymptomatic urinary infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01831629
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood styrene concentrations in a “normal” population and in exposed workers 16 hours after the end of the workshift (1993)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 65 (1993), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Styrene ; Biological monitoring ; Blood ; Alveolar air ; Normal population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood styrene was measured by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method in 81 “normal people” and in 76 workers exposed to styrene. In the normal subjects, styrene was also tested in alveolar and environmental air. Styrene was found in nearly all (95%) blood samples. Average styrene levels in the normal subjects were 221 ng/1 in blood (Cb), 3 ng/1 in alveolar air (Ca) and 6 ng/1 in environmental air (Ci). Styrene levels did not differ significantly between smokers and non-smokers, 95% of values being below 512 ng/1 in Cb, 7 ng/1 in Ca and 15 ng/l in Ci. In workers with an average exposure to styrene of 204 μg/l, at the end of the workshift, mean blood styrene concentration was 1211 μg/l. In blood samples collected at the end of the Thursday shift, styrene levels were significantly higher (1590 μg/1) than those found at the end of the Monday shift (1068 μg/l. A similar difference was found in samples taken the morning after exposure (60 and 119 μg/l, respectively). Significant correlations between blood and environmental styrene were found both at the end of the shift and the morning after exposure (r=0.61 and 0.41, respectively). In workers occupationally exposed to styrene, 16 h after the end of the workshift, blood styrene (94 μg/l) was significantly higher than that found in the normal subjects (0.22 μg/l). The half-life of blood styrene was 3.9 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405731
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent exposure in a shoe upper factory (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 355-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Shoe upper factory ; Methylcyclopentane ; 2-methylpentane ; 3-methylpentane ; Blood ; Alveolar air ; Lung uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a group of workers employed in a shoe upper factory, the concentrations of n-hexane, acetone, methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane were measured in environmental air, alveolar air and in blood. The data of methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane determination, as for n-hexane and acetone reported elsewhere, showed that alveolar and blood monitoring can replace environmental monitoring of solvents. In fact, it was found that alveolar and blood concentration, and lung uptake were correlated with environmental concentration of methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377791
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomonitoring of industrial solvent exposures in workers' alveolar air (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 47 (1980), S. 245-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Solvent ; Biomonitoring ; Alveolar air ; Industrial exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten different solvents, viz., toluene, styrene, methylethyl ketone, acetone, dimethylformamide, cyclohexane, n-hexane, methylcyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, and 3-methylpentane were determined in environmental air and in the alveolar air of workers during the work shift. As regards all ten solvents studied, alveolar concentration (Ca) and the difference between environmental concentration (CO and alveolar concentration (Ci - Ca), were correlated with environmental concentration. According to the slopes of the regression lines, the ratio between alveolar and environmental concentration (Ca/Ci) and the alveolar retention ((Ci - Ca)/Ci) in the case of all ten solvents studied were complementary, i.e., their sum was equal to unity. The solvents with high solubility in blood, i.e., toluene, styrene, methylethyl ketone, acetone, and dimethylformamide showed a Ca/Ci ratio lower than 0.5 and the solvents with low solubility, i.e., cyclohexane, hexane, and their isomers showed a Ca/Ci ratio higher than 0.5. According to the findings which prove that the alveolar concentration of all solvents studied during the work shift is a function of variations in the environmental concentrations it seems reasonable to suggest the use of alveolar tests for monitoring environmental exposure to solvents during the work shift.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381682
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decline of blood and alveolar toluene concentration following two accidental human poisonings (1983)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 53 (1983), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Toluene ; Blood ; Alveolar air ; Desaturation ; Poisoning ; Hippuric acid ; o-Cresol ; Half-life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In two workers admitted to hospital because of a coma due to an accidental occupational exposure to a mixture of solvents, the level of toluene was respectively 823–1122 μg/1 in the blood and 53–38 μg/1 in the alveolar air on the second day of admission (36 h after the accidental exposure). On the fifth day, 112 h after exposure, the toluene level was 120–45 μg/l in the blood and 3-1 μg/l in the alveolar air. The urinary excretion of o-cresol, calculated as a toluene equivalent, was 0.8–0.9 mg on the second day and 1.7–1.6 mg on the third day. Urinary hippuric acid, as a toluene equivalent, was 1.7–1.4 g on the second day and 1.3–0.7 g on the third day. A half-life of between 19 and 21 h was calculated for toluene both in the blood and in the alveolar air.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378428
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breath and blood levels of benzene, toluene, cumene and styrene in non-occupational exposure (1989)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1989), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Benzene ; Toluene ; Cumene ; Styrene ; Breath ; Blood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Benzene, toluene, cumene and styrene were measured in the breath and blood of two groups of individuals. The first group included individuals belonging to a hospital staff, the second group included chemical workers who were not exposed to the abovementioned chemicals. The chemical workers were examined in plant infirmaries on the morning before the start of the workshift, and the hospital staff in the hospital infirmaries. One environmental air sample was taken in the infirmaries for each individual at the moment of the biological samplings. The environmental concentrations of benzene and styrene were significantly higher in the infirmaries of the chemical plant than in the infirmaries of the hospital. On the other hand, the environmental concentrations of toluene and cumene were not significantly different in the plant infirmaries and in the hospital infirmaries. In the hospital staff the alveolar concentrations of benzene, toluene and styrene were significantly lower than those in the chemical workers. In the hospital staff the blood concentrations of benzene, toluene and styrene were not significantly different from those in the chemical workers. Only the blood cumene concentration was significantly higher in the chemical workers. In hospital staff, smokers showed alveolar and blood concentrations of benzene and toluene that were significantly higher than those measured in the non smoker hospital staff. With reference to chemical workers, only alveolar benzene concentration was significantly higher in smokers than in non smokers. A significant blood benzene difference was found between the non smoker hospital staff and the non smoker chemical workers. A correlation between alveolar and environmental concentrations was found for benzene, toluene and cumene, but not for styrene. In the two groups of individuals, correlations between blood and alveolar concentrations of the four compounds were also studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409385
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical and physiological aspects of 2,5-hexanedione: endogenous or exogenous product? (1993)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 65 (1993), S. 49-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: 2,5-Hexanedione ; Blood ; Urine ; Non-exposed subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This article reports results regarding two different physiological aspects of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD). The first is the relationship between “free” 2,5-HD (the fraction of “real” 2,5-HD) and “total” 2,5-HD (2,5-HD obtained from acid hydrolysis) in urine and blood of workers exposed ton-hexane. The second part of the study is an attempt to clarify “physiological” excretion of 2,5-HD in subjects not occupationally exposed ton-hexane. The concentration of free 2,5-HD in urine of workers exposed ton-hexane is about 8% of total urinary 2,5-HD. In blood, free 2,5-HD is about 50% of the total. The serum concentration range of total and free 2,5-HD in workers from whom blood was taken was 33–418 μg/l and 14–283 μg/l respectively. In subjects not exposed ton-hexane, urinary concentration of 2,5-HD ranged between 0.17 and 0.98 mg/1, the urinary excretion rate between 0.23 and 0.57μg/min, and renal clearance between 14 and 66 ml/min. The blood concentration of 2,5-HD in nonexposed subjects was 6–30μg/1. Fluctuations typical of a circadian rhythm were not observed for 2,5-HD in blood or urine. We think that 2,5-HD is mainly a product of intermediate metabolism in the human body. Only a minimal part could derive fromn-hexane as a ubiquitous micropollutant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586058
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary excretion of n-hexane metabolites in rats and humans (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: n-Hexane ; Metabolism ; Urine ; 2-Hexanol ; 3-Hexanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of n-hexane metaboites was studied in rats which were either treated or not with phenobarbital before n-hexane treatment and in workers occupationally exposed to n-hexane. A new hexane metabolite, 3-hexanol, and 2-hexanol were found in rat urine, but not in workers' urine. The amount of 2-hexanol excreted during 24 h after n-hexane administration, was equal to 1.2 – l.7 % of the dose. The ratio between 3-hexanol excreted and n-hexane injected was much less than 1 %. Phenobarbital affected 3-hexanol excretion but not 2-hexanol excretion. The lack of n-hexane metabolites in workers' urine, which can be explained by the low ratio of metabolite excretion to the n-hexane absorbed, suggests that urine analysis is unsuitable for monitoring hexane exposure during work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377790
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