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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Experimental dermatology 9 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: H1-type antihistamines have recently been reported to inhibit cytokine secretion from human and murine mast cells and basophils. In order to confirm and expand these studies, we have compared several H1-blockers and the H2-blocker ranitidine for their effect on TNF-α, IL-3, 6, 8 and GM-CSF release from human leukemic mast (HMC-1) and basophilic (KU812) cells, compared to dexamethasone. Cells were stimulated for 24 h with phorbol myristate acetate (25 ng/ml) and calcium ionophore A 23187 (2.5×10−7 M) alone or with the drugs added at 10−4 to 10−15 M, and production of cytokines was measured by ELISA. All antihistamines caused a dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-α release from HMC-1 cells, with maximal effects at 10−12 M for azelastine, 10−9 M for loratadine and cetirizine, and 10−8 M for ranitidine. The inhibitory potency of H1-blockers on cytokines from HMC-1 cells was TNF-α 〉IL-8≥IL-6≥IL-3, with no significant effects on GM-CSF. In KU812 cells which failed to secrete TNF-α and GM-CSF, the sequence was IL-6 〉IL-8 after preincubation. Dexamethasone inhibited all cytokines, but ranitidine only TNF-α and IL-3. Antihistamines had no effect on calcium flux in resting or stimulated cells. At the mRNA level, inhibition was only seen with KU812 cells and IL-8 in the presence of azelastine at 10−10 M. These data show thus distinct inhibitory patterns for different antihistamines during cytokine production from human mast cells and basophils which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs during treatment of allergic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1/TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel that binds the vanilloid capsaicin and endogenous cannabinoids. In human skin, VR1 has recently been shown to be expressed by keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. To determine a precise localization of VR1 in other cutaneous compartments in particular cutaneous nerve fibres, we investigated VR1 immunoreactivity as well as mRNA and protein expression in a series of normal and capsaicin-treated human skin. VR1 immunoreactivity could be observed in cutaneous sensory nerve fibres, mast cells, epidermal keratinocytes, dermal blood vessels, the inner root sheet and infundibulum of hair follicles, differentiated sebocytes, sweat gland ducts and the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands. Upon RT-PCR and Western blot, the expression of VR1 was confirmed in primary mast cells and keratinocytes from human skin. During capsaicin therapy, VR1-receptor distribution was unchanged, while a reduction of neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide) was observed in nerve fibres. After cessation of capsaicin therapy, neuropeptides re-accumulated in skin nerves. In conclusion, VR1 is widely distributed in the skin, suggesting a central role for this receptor, e.g. in nociception and inflammation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Experimental dermatology 8 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Mast cells are traditionally viewed as effector cells of immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. There is, however, a growing body of evidence that the cells might play an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and repair. We here present our own data and those from the literature elucidating the possible role of mast cells during wound healing. Studies on the fate of mast cells in scars of varying ages suggest that these cells degranulate during wounding, with a marked decrease of chymase-positive cells, although the total number of cells does not decrease, based on SCF-receptor staining. Mast cells contain a plethora of preformed mediators like heparin, histamine, tryptase, chymase, VEGF and TNF-α which, on release during the initial stages of wound healing, affect bleeding and subsequent coagulation and acute inflammation. Various additional vasoactive and chemotactic, rapidly generated mediators (C3a, C5a, LTB4, LTC4, PAF) will contribute to these processes, whereas mast cell-derived proinflammatory and growth promoting peptide mediators (VEGF, FGF-2, PDGF, TGF-β, NGF, IL-4, IL-8) contribute to neoangiogenesis, fibrinogenesis or re-epithelization during the repair process. The increasing number of tryptase-positive mast cells in older scars suggest that these cells continue to be exposed to specific chemotactic, growth- and differentiation-promoting factors throughout the process of tissue remodelling. All these data indicate that mast cells contribute in a major way to wound healing, their role as potential initiators of or as contributors to this process, compared to other cell types, will however have to be further elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 101 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Binding of the two photosensitizers, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), to serum proteins and to epidermis was measured. 8-MOP binds to serum proteins with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 4 × 10-5m. Under conditions of oral therapy, serum concentrations of the photosensitizer 2 h after administration are usually in the range of 100–1000 ng per ml serum. In this concentration range, 75–80% of the drug was found to be reversibly bound to serum proteins. 5-MOP shows a higher binding affinity to serum proteins and 98–99% of the drug is protein bound. The binding of both psoralen derivatives appears to take place mainly to serum albumin. 5-MOP and 8-MOP bind to different and non-interacting sites on serum proteins and the binding of the on has no effect on the binding of the other methoxypsoralen.Both photosensitizers bind reversibly to human epidermis. 8-MOP concentration in the epidermis is increased by ten to twenty fold compared with the equilibrium buffer. 5-MOP shows a higher binding affinity, resulting in a higher tissue concentration of the photosensitizer. As in serum, the two drugs appear to be bound in the epidermis to independent and non-interacting sites.No binding competition was found between the two methoxypsoralens and hydrocortisone, fluo-cinonide and acetyl salicylic acid, either in serum or in epidermis, using up to 1000 fold higher concentrations as compared with those of 5-MOP and 8-MOP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 153 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors are expressed in human skin. Furthermore, AT2 receptors have been reported to be upregulated during tissue repair and remodelling in various noncutaneous human tissues.Objectives  Detection of alterations in angiotensin II receptor expression during wound healing in human skin.Methods  Three models were employed. (i) Primary human keratinocytes were razor scraped in culture flasks and alterations in the expression of angiotensin receptor mRNA determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction for 1–12 h thereafter. (ii) Early wound healing (48 h after cutting) was studied in punch biopsies from human skin ex vivo by means of immunohistochemical staining using polyclonal antibodies against the AT1 or AT2 receptor. (iii) In vivo wound healing was studied in sections of human cutaneous scars by immunohistochemistry to determine receptor expression early (2 days) and late (2 weeks−3 months) after surgery.Results  In all experimental settings, an upregulation of both receptor subtypes was noticed after wounding. Immunohistochemically stained skin sections showed a stronger expression of AT2 than of AT1 receptors within the area of scarring. Enhanced receptor expression was detectable as early as 24 h after injury and lasted for up to 3 months.Conclusions  From these data, we conclude that angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors are upregulated in human cutaneous wounds, giving further support to the concept that angiotensin II plays a role even at an early stage during cutaneous wound healing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 18 (1987), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 0302-4598
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 268 (1980), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Enrichment ; Binding ; 8-MOP ; 5-MOP ; Epidermis ; Anreicherung ; Bindung ; 8-MOP ; 5-MOP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird eine einfache Methode zur Messung der Anreicherung von verschiedenen Substanzen im epidermalen Gewebe beschrieben. Die Gewebeprobe (2–10 mg) wird in einer physiologischen Lösung mit der radioaktivmarkierten Substanz bis zum Gleichgewicht inkubiert (12–36 h). Die Radioaktivität der Lösung wird vor und nach der Inkubation gemenssen. Die Differenz zwischen den beiden Messungen wird als Maß für die Anreicherung der Substanz im Gewebe genommen. Unter Berücksichtigung der spezifischen dichte der Epidermis, die bei Vorversuchen an isolierter menschlicher Epidermis als 1,2 g/cm3 bestimmt wurde, wird die Konzentration der Substanz in der Epidermis berechnet. Die nach dieser indirekten Methode berechnete Konzentration stimmt mit der tatsächlich gefundenen Konzentration der Substanz in der Epidermis nach alkalischer Hydrolyse überein. Die Anreicherung im epidermalen Gewebe wurde an alpha-Östradiol, Thiopyronin, 5-MOP, 8-MOP und Theophyllin untersucht. Außer bei Theophyllin wurde bei allen anderen untersuchten Substanzen eine 10–500 fach höhere Konzentration im Gewebe gefunden. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse, um eine reversible Bindung von einer Verteilung der Substanz zwischen den Zellkomponenten zu unterscheiden, zeigte sich im Falle von Thiopyronin und 8-MOP eine reversible Bindung mit einer Dissoziationskostanten von 10-7 und 10-5, hinsichtlich von 5-MOP und alpha-Östradiol eine partielle Verteilung. Diese Methode kann als eine schnelle Screening-Methode oder als eine quantitative Analyse zur Charkterisierung der Anreicherung von Substanzen im Gewebe angewendet werden.
    Notes: Summary A rapid and simple method is described for measuring the enrichment of small molecules in epidermal tissue. To measure such an enrichment, a small tissue sample (2–10 mg) is allowed to equilibrate with a buffered solution of a labelled substance for periods of 12–36 h. The concentration of the radioactive molecule in the tissue is measured as a decrease of radioactivity in the solution. Concentration measurements in the tissue itself can be performed, but are not required to detect enrichment in the tissue or to assess its magnitude. The specific density of appendage free human epidermis has been determined and was found to be 1.20 g/cm3. Using this value, tissue weight can be translated into volume and concentration changes in the solution can be recalculated to yield the concentration of the substance in the tissue itself. Close agreement was found between the calculated tissue concentration and the values actually measured, following digestion of the epidermis with NaOH and measuring the activity in the tissue digest. The enrichment of five substances in human epidermis was measured: α-estradiol, thiopyronine, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), and theophylline. Of these substances, the first four are concentrated by human epidermis and the concentrations reached within the tissue are 10–500 times higher than the concentration of the same substance in the surrounding buffer. The enrichment data has been analysed in an attempt to distinguish between reversible affinity binding to specific tissue sites and partitioning of the substances between buffer and tissue components (lipids, membranes, etc.). In the case of thiopyronine and 8-MOP, reversible binding is indicated with dissociation constants of 10-7 M and 10-5 M, respectively, while partitioning distribution could account for the behavior of 5-MOP and α-estradiol. The method can be used either as a rapid screening method or as a quantitative analysis for the characterization of tissue enrichment with specific drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 491-494 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Epidermal keratinocytes ; Laser light ; Hematoporphyrin derivatives ; Lipid peroxidation ; Lysosomal enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human epidermal keratinocytes were grown in culture and the uptake of hematoporphyrin derivatives (HPDs) used in photodynamic therapy was estimated. Keratinocytes loaded with HPDs were irradiated with laser light of 632 nm generated by a helium-neon laser and cell toxicity was determined by the trypan blue exclusion test and the measurement of enzyme release. With increasing intracellular concentration of HPDs and with increasing intensity of the laser light, an increasing number of cells took up trypan blue and released the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase after 1 h incubation of the irradiated cells at 37°C. Cytotoxicity was less pronounced when the irradiated cells were incubated at 0°C indicating the involvement of enzyme reactions in cell death. No lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde and ethane formation was detectable. Our results suggest that during photodynamic therapy with HPDs and laser light epidermal keratinocytes may be seriously damaged. The data indicate that not lipid peroxidation but rather the activation of lysosomal enzymes is responsible for the cytotoxicity observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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