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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine D2 receptor blockade and antimigraine action of flunarizine (1994)
    USA/Oxford, UK : American Association for the Study of Headache/Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cephalalgia 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2982
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We studied in vivo the influence of flunarizine on dopamine D2 receptors and investigated whether dopamine D2 receptor blockade is involved in its antimigraine action. Eleven migraine patients, treated with flunarizine, 10 mg per day, underwent single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) using [123I] labeled iodobenzamide, a ligand with high affinity and high specificity for D2 receptors. There was a reduction of the dopamine D2 receptor binding potential in all patients compared to age-matched controls. The efficacy of flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis failed to correlate with the degree of the dopamine D2 receptor blockade. The antimigraine action of flunarizine may not involve antidopaminergic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.014003235.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine D2 receptor binding is reduced in Wilson's disease: Correlation of neurological deficits with striatal123I-Iodobenzamide binding (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 103 (1996), S. 1093-1103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Wilson's disease ; neurological impairment ; dopamine ; D2 receptor ; IBZM-SPECT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To visualise and quantify dopamine D2 receptor binding in the corpus striatum of patients with neurological Wilson's disease (WD) 123I-Iodobenzamide (IBZM) binding was measured using single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). Ratios of striatal to frontal countrates were calculated in 8 patients and in 21 healthy control subjects. We found reduced IBZM binding ratios in all patients with WD in comparison to those in controls (1.48 +- 0.13 vs. 1.73 +- 0.09). The reduction in IBZM binding was correlated with the overall severity of neurological deficits and the severity of dysarthria (correlation coefficients −0.86 [p 〈 0.01] and −0.79 [p s〈 0.01], respectively). When patients of three different subgroups of neurological WD were compared no differences in IBZM binding were found. We conclude that assessing basal ganglia function in vivo using IBZM-SPECT is a valuable diagnostic tool in WD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01291794
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurologische und psychiatrische Komplikationen nach Herzoperationen (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 368-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Heart operation ; Extracorporeal circulation ; Neurological complication ; Risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 63 patients undergoing heart operations with extracorporeal circulation (47 males, 16 females, mean age 54 years; coronary artery bypass in 38 cases, valvular surgery in the rest) postoperative neurological and psychiatric complications were evaluated. 18 patients (29%) had no complications, whereas 35 patients (56%) showed minor or transient neurological symptoms, and 9 patients (14%) exhibited severe symptoms. Nine of the patients had slight psychiatric disturbances (affective disturbances, desorientation). No correlation was found between risk factors (age, nicotine abuse, hypertension, hypercholesteremia, neurologic and cardiac history), intraoperative parameters (duration of extracorporeal bypass, aortic clamp time, deviation of mean arterial pressure), postoperative parameters (internal complications) and the complication rate. Therefore no predisposing factors could be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02115787
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of acetazolamide-induced changes in cerebral blood flow using99mTc HMPAO SPECT in patients with cerebrovascular disease (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebrovascular disease ; Single photon emission computed tomography ; Acetazolamide ; 99mTc HMPAO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For semiquantification of SPECT studies we tried to calculate cerebral99mTc-HMPAO uptake related to injected dose and estimated brain volume. The method was applied to SPECT investigations of 27 patients who had a least one ischaemic attack and a confirmed 80–100% stenosis of the corresponding internal carotid artery (ICA). Vascular reactivity was tested by parenteral administration of acetazolamide (AZ). Increase in HMPAO uptake after AZ was evident in both hemispheres, although the increase (AZ effect) was significantly lower in the affected hemisphere (+24% versus +28%). No interhemispheric uptake differences were seen in patients with largely normal SPECT studies, although local asymmetries in HMPAO deposition were visible. Patients with low density lesions on CT and with a well-demarcated lesion in the same location on SPECT revealed interhemispheric uptake differences, with lower uptake on the affected side. This was not due solely to alterations in the lesion, but also to reduced HMPAO uptake and AZ effect in the surrounding area. The AZ effect showed no correlation with angiographic findings, indicating no major haemodynamic influence of the ICA stenosis on cerebral hemisphere perfusion. Calculated cerebral HMPAO uptake changes after AZ administration were in good accordance with absolute cerebral blood flow measurements, and made interindividual comparisons possible. However, as changes in the area around an infarct or local reduction in vascular reserve may not be reproduced adequately by uptake calculations, visual inspection is still necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588512
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sertindole and dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in comparison to risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol – a 123I-IBZM SPECT study (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 136 (1998), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Sertindole ; Clozapine ; Haloperidol ; Risperidone ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) ; Atypical antipsychotic drug (neuroleptic)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The striatal D2 dopamine binding was studied in schizophrenic patients treated with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug sertindole (n = 10). Comparisons were obtained with haloperidol (n = 8), clozapine (n = 6), risperidone (n = 11) and untreated healthy controls (n = 8) of a dataset which has partly been reported previously. 123I-Iodobenzamide (IBZM) single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) was used for estimation of striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding. Sertindole-treated patients exhibited significantly (P 〈 0.001) lower levels of striatal D2 binding (BG/FC ratio:1.28) compared with those treated with haloperidol (BG/FC ratio:1.09) and risperidone (8 mg:1.18) but significantly (P 〈 0.005) higher levels compared with clozapine (BG/FC ratio:1.49). However, if patients were pretreated with a depot neuroleptic, significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher striatal D2 binding (BG/FC ratio:1.12) has been obtained. Since sertindole has been shown to exert distinct clinical efficacy for treatment of positive and negative symptoms, our data are indicative that antipsychotic efficacy is not associated with a high degree of striatal D2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050579
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPECT and PET imaging of the dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. IV2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words SPECT – PET – Parkinson's disease – dopamine – progression – [123I]β-CIT – [18F]DOPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an overview of the clinical importance of SPECT and PET imaging of the dopaminergic system in the differential diagnosis and for the determination of the progression rate of Parkinson's disease (PD). D2 receptor imaging can help to differentiate multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from PD. In patients treated with neuroleptics it is possible to determine the rate of striatal D2 receptor blocking using this technique. This occupancy rate parallels the occurrence of parkinsonian side effects. Its measurement helps in the selection of newer atypical neuroleptics, which can be used to treat drug-induced psychosis in PD because they do not aggravate parkinsonian symptoms. Imaging of dopaminergic neurons with [123I]β-CIT SPECT or [18F]DOPA PET is a way to visualize and quantify the nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion in PD. Findings correlate with clinical rating scales and demonstrate the feasibility of detecting the preclinical lesion in patients with hemiparkinson or familial PD. [123I]β-CIT SPECT can easily distinguish patients with essential tremor and patients with “lower body parkinsonism” due to a subcortical vascular encephalopathy. MSA and PSP cannot be separated from PD with this method alone. Longitudinal studies with [123I]β-CIT SPECT and [18F]DOPA PET can quantify the progression rate in PS. SPECT results from our own group show a low rate of progression in patients with a long duration of disease and a more marked progression rate in patients with shorter disease duration. In the former groups regions in the striatum with higher β-CIT binding at the time of the first SPECT scan decline faster than regions with lower binding. These findings suggest a curvilinear course of progression which starts at different time points in different striatal regions and which levels off after several years of disease duration. These findings are in line with data from PET studies and underline the importance of an early start of neuroprotective strategies. Preliminary data from PET and SPECT studies in early PD suggest that dopamine agonists might have a slight neuroprotective effect and might slow down the rate of progression of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007769
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo 123I IBZM SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine-2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine in comparison to clozapine and haloperidol (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Olanzapine ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; 123I IBZM ; SPECT ; Atypical antipsychotic drug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the degree of striatal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor occupancy in six schizophrenic patients receiving clinically effective antipsychotic treatment with olanzapine 10–25 mg/day in comparison to patients treated with clozapine 300–600 mg/day (n = 6) or haloperidol 5–20 mg/day (n = 10). 123I Iodobenzamide (IBZM) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) were used for the visualization of striatal D2 receptors. For the quantification of striatal D2 receptor occupancy, striatal IBZM binding in patients treated with antipsychotics was compared to that in untreated healthy controls (n = 8) reported earlier. Olanzapine led to a mean striatal D2 receptor occupancy rate of 75% (range 63–85). Haloperidol-treated patients showed dose-dependently (Pearson r = 0.64; P 〈 0.05) a significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) mean occupancy rate of 84% (range 67–94). During clozapine treatment, the mean D2 receptor occupancy of 33% (range 〈 20–49) was significantly lower than with olanzapine (P 〈 0.005). The higher striatal D2 receptor occupancy of haloperidol was correlated with the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal motor side-effects (EPS). No clinical relevant EPS occurred during treatment with olanzapine or clozapine. There was no correlation between the degree of striatal D2 receptor occupancy and clinical improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050822
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β-CIT SPECT demonstrates blockade of 5HT-uptake sites by citalopram in the human brain in vivo (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 100 (1995), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; β-CIT ; citalopram ; depression ; dopamine reuptake ; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ; SPECT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cocaine analogue 2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-iodophenyl)-tropane (β-CIT) is a potent ligand for both dopamine- and serotonin uptake sites which in its123I labeled form can be used for single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). It was demonstrated previously by SPECT-studies in non-human primates that123I-β-CIT binds to dopamine transporters in the striatum and to serotonin transporters in hypothalamus and midbrain. The aim of the present study was to compare123I-β-CIT binding in the brain stem of normal controls and a group of subjects under treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram.123I-β-CIT- SPECT was performed in 12 depressed patients under 20 mg (n=5), 40 mg (n=6) and 60 mg (n=1) citalopram daily, in one untreated depressed patient and in 11 controls at regular time intervals up till 24 hours p.inj. A highly significant reduction of β-CIT binding was found in an area including mesial thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain and pons in patients under citalopram compared to controls (44.1 ± 14.4 vs. 82.3 ± 18.6 cpm's/mCi × kg body weight; specific binding 4 hrs p.inj.; p=0.0001). No differences were seen between the high and low dose group and no changes were found in the striatum.123I-β-CIT binding in the brain stem and striatum in one untreated depressed patient fell within the range of control values. To our knowledge this is the first report directly demonstrating the effect of a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor in the brain in humans in vivo. SPECT measurements of serotonin uptake sites in patients with depression and other psychiatric disorders might provide better insights into the pathophysiology of these disorders and into mechanisms of drug action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276462
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPECT imaging of dopamine receptors with [123I]epidepride: characterization of uptake in the human brain (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 101 (1995), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dopamine ; D2 receptor ; single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) ; epidepride ; Huntington's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary [123I]Epidepride is a new ligand for single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) that specifically labels D2-like dopamine receptors with very high affinity. Here, we report on the regional kinetic uptake of [123I]epidepride in the brain of 4 normal volunteers and 3 patients with choreatic movement disorders. In healthy subjects striatal activity peaked at 2.5 hours after injection of the tracer and decreased slowly thereafter. There were no significant differences between left and right brain hemispheres. Activity above background was also measurable in areas corresponding to the thalamus, temporal cortex and frontal cortex. The striatal to cerebellar ratio was about 14 after 2.5 hours and this ratio steadily increased with time. The striatal to cerebellar ratio was clearly reduced in all 3 patients with choreatic movement disorders (from about 14 in control subjects after 2.5 hours to about 7 in choreatic patients). [123I]Epidepride may be a useful SPECT ligand for studying D2 receptors in the living human brain because of its high target to background ratio, its high affinity and the possibility to investigate extrastriatal D2 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271548
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [123I]β-CIT and SPECT in essential tremor and Parkinson's disease (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 105 (1998), S. 1213-1228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: [123I]β-CIT ; SPECT ; essential tremor ; Parkinson's disease.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Resting and postural tremor may occur in essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the cocaine derivative [123I]β-CIT, which labels striatal dopamine transporters, and SPECT in differentiating these diseases. Methods: 30 healthy volunteers, 32 patients with ET and 29 patients with idiopathic PD of Hoehn/Yahr stage I were investigated. Specific over nondisplaceable binding ratios (target/cerebellum-1) were calculated for the striatum, the caudate nucleus and the putamen separately as well as a ratio putamen/caudate and the percent deviation of each patient's ratio from age-expected control values. Results: Striatal [123I]β-CIT binding ratios in ET were within normal ranges and showed only a discrete elevation to age-expected control values (+14.6%). In PD significantly reduced specific binding was evident not only contralaterally to the clinically affected side (putamen: −62%, caudate nucleus: −35%), but also ipsilaterally (putamen: −45%, caudate nucleus: −22%). All investigated parameters differed significantly between PD and controls and ET respectively. Conclusion: Imaging striatal dopamine transporters with [123I]β-CIT and SPECT could clearly distinguish between ET and PD in an early stage of the disease. Findings do not suggest a subclinical involvement of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in ET.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020050124
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